Moat and Competitive Advantage Network Effects Across segments The largest moat that Kaspi.kz has is the network effects of its super app. Source: Kaspi Kaspi’s payment, marketplace, and finance platforms are highly interrelated. The growth and development of one platform naturally support and accelerate the growth of the others, reinforcing a virtuous cycle. For example, a consumer using Kaspi for managing finances can seamlessly browse the Marketplace for products. Once a purchase decision is made, the user can easily complete the transaction through Kaspi’s integrated payment system, given that their financial information is already stored in the app. The interactions between Kaspi's various platforms create a self-reinforcing flywheel that drives profitable growth and provides signific

Currency The National Bank of Kazakhstan (NBK) heavily manages the Kazakh tenge, but the currency remains vulnerable to frequent devaluations during risky external conditions. The last major devaluation occurred in 2015 when the NBK abandoned its USD peg due to historically low oil prices, which depleted the Bank's foreign exchange reserves. Source: JP Morgan While the risk of such an event is currently low, given the tailwinds oil prices are experiencing from the Middle East geopolitical crisis, the country's rising import needs amid an infrastructure construction boom and robust demand are expected to keep the current account in deficit over the coming years, placing depreciatory pressures on the tenge. Analysts forecast the Kazakh tenge to trade within the range of KZT430-450 per USD ov

Foreign Policy Dynamics and Regional Position Kazakhstan's geopolitical landscape is undergoing significant changes, shaped by its historical ties to Russia, strategic location, and evolving multi-vector foreign policy. The country currently finds itself in a delicate position, balancing its dependence on Russia with the need to diversify its economic and diplomatic relationships. At present, Kazakhstan's energy sector remains heavily reliant on Russia. Approximately 90% of its oil exports flow through the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC), which traverses Russian territory and is partially owned by Moscow. This dependency has been highlighted by past pipeline interruptions, which have demonstrated Kazakhstan's vulnerability. A potential shutdown of this crucial export route could jeopardi

5.Advertising services - advertising campaigns on the platforms, which may display ads on the Kaspi.kz Super App to users through product searches, suggested products and banner ads. Two forms of ads - product ads and brand ads Product ads Brand ads   Source: Kaspi Q2 2024 Report Promotional periods such as Kaspi Juma, a 3 day national shopping festival (Kaspi's version of 9.9 / 10.10 / 11.11 in the context of Shopee or USA's Black Friday or China's Single Day) Kaspi Juma usually takes place twice a year, in the summer and the autumn, and allows consumers to purchase any goods from participating merchants via a buy-now-pay-later consumer finance product with interest-free instalments for up to 24 months. This will be changed to thrice a year from 2024 onwards to cater to the diff

Fintech Platform Kaspi˖s Fintech segment is its consumer lending and deposit businesses. The platform enables consumers to access instantly and seamlessly, primarily through Kaspi.kz Super App, the Company’s digital finance products, including consumer finance and deposit. Fintech is Kaspi˖s largest, but slowest growing and least profitable (from a margin perspective) operating segment, accounting for 54% of revenue and 35% of net income, in 20˖23. It is notable that Kaspi originates 100% of loans from its own balance sheet (vs 2% for Ant/Alipay). Kaspi's fintech platform has shown impressive growth, particularly in its Total Finance Volume (TFV), which serves as a key indicator of the platform's financial services adoption and usage. The TFV has exhibited strong year-over-year growth at 3

Linkedin: Xin Fei Tan Company Overview: Move, Improve & Enjoy Water Pentair is a leading company specializing in water management technologies and solutions. Their core focus areas include water filtration, flow control, and related water management systems for various sectors including residential, commercial, and industrial markets.The company operates through three main business segments: Pool Water Solutions Industrial & Flow Technologies Pentair's Business Segments Pentair's Segment Breakdown Pentair's Revenue Breakdown With a global presence spanning 24 countries, Pentair maintains 135 locations and employs approximately 11,000 people. Their diverse product portfolio is designed to address critical water-related challenges, including: Providing access to clean, safe water Red

1. Company Overview Netflix, Inc. (NASDAQ: NFLX) is a global streaming entertainment service offering a wide variety of TV series, documentaries, and feature films across a range of genres and languages. Founded in 1997 and headquartered in Los Gatos, California, Netflix has grown from a DVD rental service to a dominant player in the streaming industry, serving over 230 million subscribers worldwide. The company's mission is to entertain the world by providing on-demand, commercial-free streaming experiences.   2.Business Segments In 2023, Netflix's total revenue was $33.7 billion. The company's revenue is primarily derived from two business segments: streaming and DVD rentals. The streaming segment, which includes both domestic and international streaming, accounted for 99% of t