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chh
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IP属地:北京
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chh
2021-01-20
$苹果(AAPL)$
今天会暴涨吗?
chh
2021-01-26
$老虎证券(TIGR)$
果然开始收割了
chh
2019-12-04
$猎豹移动(CMCM)$
只要不退市就支持到底
chh
2021-01-25
$蔚来(NIO)$
开盘不会暴跌吧?
chh
2019-07-10
$猎豹移动(CMCM)$
完全没有想到会有今天 已经不是以前那个猎豹了
chh
2021-01-16
$苹果(AAPL)$
为什么买入这么多还在跌?
chh
2021-01-14
$fuboTV Inc.(FUBO)$
奉劝大家不要死盯着这只,现在感觉全世界都认为他是小奈飞,大家都知道的好消息是不是也没那么乐观,我被这只折腾的亏了一半,然后专向老虎现在多少回来点
chh
2019-10-28
$猎豹移动(CMCM)$
我记得傅老板 也搞区块链啊
chh
2019-10-28
$凌动智行(LKM)$
多希望你能听到今天 第一支退市的股票 纪念一下
chh
2021-01-08
$fuboTV Inc.(FUBO)$
估计要横一段 磨磨大家耐性 看好长期put
chh
2021-01-15
$老虎证券(TIGR)$
还是没人上钩吗?
chh
2021-01-06
$fuboTV Inc.(FUBO)$
24收
chh
2020-12-28
$fuboTV Inc.(FUBO)$
保守估计今天32
chh
2020-12-14
最服百度
反垄断对阿里、腾讯、美团意味着什么?看看美股案例
chh
2020-10-16
$猎豹移动(CMCM)$
为什么除权后现在都还没到账?
chh
2021-02-16
$老虎证券(TIGR)$
牛啊
chh
2021-01-20
$苹果(AAPL)$
难道又是冲高下落?
chh
2021-01-06
$fuboTV Inc.(FUBO)$
昨天是最后止损的机会?
chh
2020-12-29
$fuboTV Inc.(FUBO)$
碰这股之前还不知道美股散户有这么大能量 这次虽然赔的很惨 但也学到了
chh
2020-12-23
$fuboTV Inc.(FUBO)$
可以做空了[惊讶]
去老虎APP查看更多动态
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19:02","market":"us","language":"zh","title":"反垄断对阿里、腾讯、美团意味着什么?看看美股案例","url":"https://stock-news.laohu8.com/highlight/detail?id=1130962769","media":"华尔街见闻","summary":"国家市场监管总局对科技巨头垄断重拳出击,真的会把科技巨头的股价“打趴下”么?","content":"<blockquote>在经历了反垄断诉讼带来的短期“阵痛”之后,AT&T抓到了新的产业发展机遇、微软则转向云技术,IBM从长期来看,股价也在上涨,这些科技巨头都在诉讼之后成功“逆袭”。</blockquote><p>12月14日周一午间,国家市场监管总局反垄断局对阿里巴巴投资收购银泰商业股权、阅文集团收购新丽传媒股权、丰巢网络收购中邮智递股权等三起未依法申报违法实施经营者集中案作出行政处罚。</p><p>这一消息发布后引起市场强烈反应,阿里港股收跌2.63%,阅文集团下挫4.12%,腾讯控股跌2.89%,美团跌3.81%。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/e2c448e75c403f3d009a89d143ed12ac\" tg-width=\"840\" tg-height=\"470\"></p><p>值得注意的是,就在12月11日举行的中共中央政治局会议上,特别提到:“强化反垄断和防止资本无序扩张”。</p><p>如今,国家市场监管总局对科技巨头垄断重拳出击,真的会把科技巨头的股价“打趴下”么?美国的科技巨头在经历反垄断诉讼的阵痛之后,股价表现如何呢?</p><p><b>美国为什么反垄断?</b></p><p>在商业立国的美国,反垄断很早就提上了议事日程。</p><p>19世纪80年代末,在美国的石油、采煤、榨油、烟草、制糖等部门都出现了托拉斯组织。托拉斯的形成,一方面给垄断资本家带来超额利润,另方面却破坏了自由资本主义的经济结构,导致中小企业主、农场主的破产和广大劳动群众生活的恶化,从而激起群众性的反托拉斯运动的高涨。为了缓和社会矛盾,美国政府采取法律手段,进行国家干预。</p><p>1890年7月2日,美国国会通过《保护贸易及商业以免非法限制及垄断法案》,简称《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》。该法主要为禁止限制性贸易作法及垄断贸易的行为。这也是美国第一部反垄断法案。</p><p>这部仅有八个条款的法律在很多地方有模糊不清的地方。在三十多年后的1914年,美国国会制定了第二部重要的反托拉斯立法《克莱顿反托拉斯法》,作为对《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》的补充。该法明确规定了17种非法垄断行为,其中包括价格歧视、搭卖合同等。</p><p>同一年,美国成立了联邦贸易委员会,其主要任务是促进消费者保护及消除强迫性垄断等反竞争性商业行为。设立该独立结构,也被视作是当时美国政府反垄断的重要举措之一。</p><p>中信证券认为:</p><blockquote>美国市场经过百余年的反垄断发展,其司法实践以及规范基本成熟,参考其法律核心要义, <b>其核心立法精神并非遏制由规模效应、网络效应带来的市场份额集中(除部分公共领域外),其认为垄断问题的解决应该交由市场,通过市场的自由竞争、技术创新实现突破,法律主要聚焦在竞争手段的公平性层面,在核心的三大法律中,由垄断所带来的价格歧视、捆绑销售、恶意并购、业务排斥是最为主要的监管领域。</b></blockquote><p>如果被美国反垄断机构盯上,后果如何?</p><p>20世纪出现了包括美国标准石油、美洲铝业公司、IBM、AT&T、微软公司在内的五反托拉斯事件,其中的前四个案例,被控告垄断的企业最终不是被拆解就是被要求开放其垄断的市场,而只有在“合众国诉微软”一案中,双方最后达成了和解。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/e66f7a368ccbf50651234d849232cb25\" tg-width=\"1159\" tg-height=\"403\"></p><p>从针对科技和电信巨头IBM、AT&T以及微软的三起反垄断诉讼来看,除了在AT&T一案中联邦政府大获全胜之外,在另外两起案件中,美国联邦政府并未完全达到其预期的目标。</p><p>13年的官司,IBM如何避免被拆分的命运?</p><p>IBM作为计算机行业的巨头,在1960年代一度占据了全球超过半数以上的大型计算机市场,并主导通用计算机的行业规则,由此导致竞争对手的不满并引发政府对其垄断地位的调查。</p><p>美国司法部对IBM的控诉集中在:掠夺定价、技术排斥、捆绑销售三大领域。</p><p>美国司法部控诉IBM的直接起因是IBM的竞争对手控制数据公司(CDC)认为IBM向客户提前销售还在研制阶段的产品,目的就是为了降低CDC的销量以及拿到更多的市场份额,并因此提告IBM。</p><p>美国司法部自然不会放过这个天赐良机。<b>1969年1月,美国司法部对IBM正式提起了反垄断诉讼,认为其垄断了大型机市场,并且阻碍良性竞争。</b></p><p>在美国司法部入局之后,接下来的短短两年间,IBM就遭受了在美国境内多达22起来自不同公司的反垄断起诉。</p><p>这些起诉中,轻者要求IBM赔偿相应的市场份额损失,重者则要求IBM必须要分拆成多家公司。</p><p>为了能够应付起这数十起反垄断诉讼,IBM不得不同时雇佣了数百名律师来应付这些起诉。虽然在这其中IBM打赢了基本上所有的官司,并与最大的竞争对手CDC形成了庭外和解,但是IBM也付出了惨痛的代价。</p><p>在与美国司法部的反垄断诉讼中,IBM最后以超低价格将大型机部门出售给了CDC,并且承诺在此后数年间不得参与此类市场。</p><p>这场IBM和美国司法部之间的博弈,从1969年开始进行,一直持续了13年,直到1982年。</p><p>然而,1982年,耗时耗力无数的这场诉讼突然划上句号。当时的反垄断调查局局长以“没有价值”为由撤销了这一诉讼。</p><p><b>对IBM来说,这场诉讼令其元气大伤,不仅花费了大笔律师费,对计算机市场来说,这一诉讼也带来了明显改变。</b></p><p>1970年,IBM宣布一项重大改变,把向用户捆绑式销售软件和服务的模式, 改为分别计价销售,史称“价格分离”。</p><p>IBM开放IBM/PC,CPU采购自英特尔,操作系统由微软编写,同时开放软硬件技术标准,允许中小企业制造IBM/PC兼容机。从此,IBM/PC消失了,IBM/PC的兼容机(我们今天熟知的Windows电脑) 成为市场主流。</p><p>从股价来看IBM经历了这一番折腾之后,股价虽然长期来看依然有所上涨。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/8d6710660f6b94a9796fb3cc1e629b9a\" tg-width=\"1893\" tg-height=\"599\"></p><p>AT&T:全盛时期绝对垄断,反垄断拆分后市占率急剧下降</p><p>在有线电话时代,AT&T是美国毫无疑问的电信霸主。</p><p>AT&T的前身是由电话发明人贝尔于1877年创建的美国贝尔电话公司。1895年,贝尔公司将其正在开发的美国全国范围的长途业务项目分割,建立了一家独立的公司称为美国电话电报公司(AT&T)。</p><p>但是,在具有天然垄断性质电信行业,贝尔公司也很早就被美国联邦政府盯上。1913年和1949年,AT&T两度面临反托拉斯法诉讼,但最后都一一化解。</p><p><b>1984年的拆分是AT&T公司一百二十年风雨历程的分水岭。</b></p><p>拆分之前的AT&T几乎垄断了美国的州内、州际和国际电话业务。利用对市话系统的控制,限制长话竞争对手接入当地电话系统,AT&T实质上形成了对长话业务的垄断。此外,AT&T控股的Western Electric提供了几乎全部贝尔系统的设备,电信设备生产也在AT&T的垄断之下。</p><p>其实,在1894年由于贝尔公司与政府所签的第二轮电话经营合同到期,贝尔电话公司已经失去了电话业务的经营垄断地位。</p><p>10年之内,美国电信市场上就产生出6000多家电话公司。但是,虽然竞争者此起彼伏,但AT&T在美国电信界的统治地位仍然无可撼动。美国监管部门认为,AT&T已经严重阻碍了美国电信行业的健康发展。</p><p>1984年,美国司法部正式分解AT&T,分拆出一个继承了母公司名称的新AT&T公司(专司长途业务)和七个本地电话公司(即“贝尔七兄弟”)。五年之后,AT&T的市占率从超过90%急剧下降到50%。</p><p><b>竞争放开后,新兴电信运营商如雨后春笋般出现,通信市场出现激烈竞争。竞争带给美国电信市场极大的繁荣,并且给消费者带来了实惠,通话价格到20世纪80年代末已下降了40%。</b></p><p><b>在反垄断案后,短期看,AT&T公司受诉讼影响跑输大盘;长期看, AT&T公司受益通信产业升级实现成长。</b></p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/a2a9141a5168149064fa07e171590c35\" tg-width=\"1152\" tg-height=\"547\"></p><p>微软如何涅槃重生?</p><p>到了20世纪末,随着互联网技术的飞速发展,当时风头无两的微软,成为了美国反垄断机构眼中的下一个目标。</p><p>1997年10月,美国司法部指控微软垄断操作系统,认定微软把IE浏览器软件与Windows操作系统软件捆绑销售为非法。一年后,该反垄断案正式立案。</p><p>在之后的几年中,微软坚持认为IE浏览器并不是一个“产品”,而是一个可以添加到操作系统中的“功能”,不过联邦司法部显然并不认同这样的定义。司法部最初的要求是,希望将微软拆分为两家公司,一家专营操作系统,另一家则专营浏览器和其他软件。</p><p><b>在经历了三年的诉讼后,2001年11月2日,联邦司法部与微软就案件达成了和解。</b></p><p>这一和解方案要求微软与第三方公司共享API,并任命一个三人小组,该小组可以在今后5年的时间里随时对微软的系统、记录和源代码进行不受限制的访问和检查以确保其遵守了相关的协议。</p><p>换言之,之后微软的Windows操作系统就可以和其他开发商开发出来的浏览器软件相互兼容。</p><p>不过,联邦司法部并没有要求微软更改已有的任何代码,也没有禁止微软在未来的Windows中捆绑其它软件。很多州对这样的和解结果很不满意,认为这只不过是“一个巴掌打在手腕上”。</p><p>曾协助杰克逊法官起草事实认定草案的北卡罗莱纳大学教堂山分校反垄断法教授更表示,这一和解协议给予了微软公司的Windows和其它“平台软件”反垄断辖免权,协议中的这些条款将破坏自由竞争,微软现在已经开始享有其通过非法手段获得的浏览器软件市场垄断地位。</p><p><b>联邦政府诉微软的反垄断案,对微软来说,是一次涅槃重生的机会。</b></p><p><b>短期看,微软公司公司受诉讼和互联网泡沫破裂跑输纳指;长期看,15-16年后,微软公司成功实现云化转型,远远跑赢指数、</b></p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/62d246a422c964d155764d63928e788a\" tg-width=\"1166\" tg-height=\"538\"></p><p>反垄断之后,是什么?</p><p><b>毫无疑问,在反垄断大棒来袭之际,巨头的股价通常会下挫。但是,从长期、更宏观的视角来看,最近四十年来美国的三次反垄断高潮,恰恰催生了三次创新高潮。</b></p><p>华西证券认为:</p><blockquote>80年代针对AT&T和IBM的制裁,规模大、力度重,带来通信和计算机两个领域的20年繁荣;2000后,微软的“IE & Windows绑定”模式受倒制裁,同样催生浏览器新业态,谷歌等新巨头应运而生,20年来软件生态逐步开放;2020年针对多家科技巨头的听证会或是新一轮“反垄断”制裁的开始,对产业而言危与机并存,新的创新20年或同步开启。</blockquote><p>具体来看,在针对IBM的反垄断诉讼之后,IBM对外开放个人电脑操作系统和处理器,微软因此深度受益,并以此为契机开发出DOS系统,成为行业唯一标准,由此开启80年代的个人计算机时代,软件创新也全面繁荣。</p><p>在联邦政府诉微软的反垄断案结束后,美国联邦政府解除了IE和Windows的绑定限制,浏览器的创新转向多元,火狐浏览器(Mozilla Firefox) 和苹果Safari浏览器、谷歌浏览器(Google Chrome)相继入场,最终Google成为胜者。</p>","source":"highlight_wallstreetcn","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,minimum-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no\"/>\n<meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no,email=no,address=no\" />\n<title>反垄断对阿里、腾讯、美团意味着什么?看看美股案例 </title>\n<style 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}\nol{ list-style:decimal; }\nli,li p{ margin:10px 0;}\nimg{ max-width:100%;display:block;margin:0 auto 1em; }\nblockquote{ color:#B5B2B1; border-left:3px solid #aaa; padding:1em; }\nstrong,b{font-weight:bold;}\nem,i{font-style:italic;}\ntable{ width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:1px;margin:1em 0;font-size:.9em; }\nth,td{ padding:5px;text-align:left;border:1px solid #aaa; }\nth{ font-weight:bold;background:#5d5d5d; }\n.symbol-link{font-weight:bold;}\n/* header{ border-bottom:1px solid #494756; } */\n.title{ margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.3;color:#ddd; }\n.meta {color:#5e5c6d;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 .5em; }\na{text-decoration:none; color:#2a4b87;}\n.meta .head { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 11px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;line-height: 11px;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\n反垄断对阿里、腾讯、美团意味着什么?看看美股案例 \n</h2>\n\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n\n\n2020-12-14 19:02 北京时间 <a href=https://wallstreetcn.com/articles/3613427><strong>华尔街见闻</strong></a>\n\n\n</h4>\n\n</header>\n<article>\n<div>\n<p>在经历了反垄断诉讼带来的短期“阵痛”之后,AT&T抓到了新的产业发展机遇、微软则转向云技术,IBM从长期来看,股价也在上涨,这些科技巨头都在诉讼之后成功“逆袭”。12月14日周一午间,国家市场监管总局反垄断局对阿里巴巴投资收购银泰商业股权、阅文集团收购新丽传媒股权、丰巢网络收购中邮智递股权等三起未依法申报违法实施经营者集中案作出行政处罚。这一消息发布后引起市场强烈反应,阿里港股收跌2.63%,...</p>\n\n<a href=\"https://wallstreetcn.com/articles/3613427\">Web Link</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/448eebbbd0694a9e8242252daba83870","relate_stocks":{"09988":"阿里巴巴-W","03690":"美团-W","BABA":"阿里巴巴","00700":"腾讯控股"},"source_url":"https://wallstreetcn.com/articles/3613427","is_english":false,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/cc96873d3d23ee6ac10685520df9c100","article_id":"1130962769","content_text":"在经历了反垄断诉讼带来的短期“阵痛”之后,AT&T抓到了新的产业发展机遇、微软则转向云技术,IBM从长期来看,股价也在上涨,这些科技巨头都在诉讼之后成功“逆袭”。12月14日周一午间,国家市场监管总局反垄断局对阿里巴巴投资收购银泰商业股权、阅文集团收购新丽传媒股权、丰巢网络收购中邮智递股权等三起未依法申报违法实施经营者集中案作出行政处罚。这一消息发布后引起市场强烈反应,阿里港股收跌2.63%,阅文集团下挫4.12%,腾讯控股跌2.89%,美团跌3.81%。值得注意的是,就在12月11日举行的中共中央政治局会议上,特别提到:“强化反垄断和防止资本无序扩张”。如今,国家市场监管总局对科技巨头垄断重拳出击,真的会把科技巨头的股价“打趴下”么?美国的科技巨头在经历反垄断诉讼的阵痛之后,股价表现如何呢?美国为什么反垄断?在商业立国的美国,反垄断很早就提上了议事日程。19世纪80年代末,在美国的石油、采煤、榨油、烟草、制糖等部门都出现了托拉斯组织。托拉斯的形成,一方面给垄断资本家带来超额利润,另方面却破坏了自由资本主义的经济结构,导致中小企业主、农场主的破产和广大劳动群众生活的恶化,从而激起群众性的反托拉斯运动的高涨。为了缓和社会矛盾,美国政府采取法律手段,进行国家干预。1890年7月2日,美国国会通过《保护贸易及商业以免非法限制及垄断法案》,简称《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》。该法主要为禁止限制性贸易作法及垄断贸易的行为。这也是美国第一部反垄断法案。这部仅有八个条款的法律在很多地方有模糊不清的地方。在三十多年后的1914年,美国国会制定了第二部重要的反托拉斯立法《克莱顿反托拉斯法》,作为对《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》的补充。该法明确规定了17种非法垄断行为,其中包括价格歧视、搭卖合同等。同一年,美国成立了联邦贸易委员会,其主要任务是促进消费者保护及消除强迫性垄断等反竞争性商业行为。设立该独立结构,也被视作是当时美国政府反垄断的重要举措之一。中信证券认为:美国市场经过百余年的反垄断发展,其司法实践以及规范基本成熟,参考其法律核心要义, 其核心立法精神并非遏制由规模效应、网络效应带来的市场份额集中(除部分公共领域外),其认为垄断问题的解决应该交由市场,通过市场的自由竞争、技术创新实现突破,法律主要聚焦在竞争手段的公平性层面,在核心的三大法律中,由垄断所带来的价格歧视、捆绑销售、恶意并购、业务排斥是最为主要的监管领域。如果被美国反垄断机构盯上,后果如何?20世纪出现了包括美国标准石油、美洲铝业公司、IBM、AT&T、微软公司在内的五反托拉斯事件,其中的前四个案例,被控告垄断的企业最终不是被拆解就是被要求开放其垄断的市场,而只有在“合众国诉微软”一案中,双方最后达成了和解。从针对科技和电信巨头IBM、AT&T以及微软的三起反垄断诉讼来看,除了在AT&T一案中联邦政府大获全胜之外,在另外两起案件中,美国联邦政府并未完全达到其预期的目标。13年的官司,IBM如何避免被拆分的命运?IBM作为计算机行业的巨头,在1960年代一度占据了全球超过半数以上的大型计算机市场,并主导通用计算机的行业规则,由此导致竞争对手的不满并引发政府对其垄断地位的调查。美国司法部对IBM的控诉集中在:掠夺定价、技术排斥、捆绑销售三大领域。美国司法部控诉IBM的直接起因是IBM的竞争对手控制数据公司(CDC)认为IBM向客户提前销售还在研制阶段的产品,目的就是为了降低CDC的销量以及拿到更多的市场份额,并因此提告IBM。美国司法部自然不会放过这个天赐良机。1969年1月,美国司法部对IBM正式提起了反垄断诉讼,认为其垄断了大型机市场,并且阻碍良性竞争。在美国司法部入局之后,接下来的短短两年间,IBM就遭受了在美国境内多达22起来自不同公司的反垄断起诉。这些起诉中,轻者要求IBM赔偿相应的市场份额损失,重者则要求IBM必须要分拆成多家公司。为了能够应付起这数十起反垄断诉讼,IBM不得不同时雇佣了数百名律师来应付这些起诉。虽然在这其中IBM打赢了基本上所有的官司,并与最大的竞争对手CDC形成了庭外和解,但是IBM也付出了惨痛的代价。在与美国司法部的反垄断诉讼中,IBM最后以超低价格将大型机部门出售给了CDC,并且承诺在此后数年间不得参与此类市场。这场IBM和美国司法部之间的博弈,从1969年开始进行,一直持续了13年,直到1982年。然而,1982年,耗时耗力无数的这场诉讼突然划上句号。当时的反垄断调查局局长以“没有价值”为由撤销了这一诉讼。对IBM来说,这场诉讼令其元气大伤,不仅花费了大笔律师费,对计算机市场来说,这一诉讼也带来了明显改变。1970年,IBM宣布一项重大改变,把向用户捆绑式销售软件和服务的模式, 改为分别计价销售,史称“价格分离”。IBM开放IBM/PC,CPU采购自英特尔,操作系统由微软编写,同时开放软硬件技术标准,允许中小企业制造IBM/PC兼容机。从此,IBM/PC消失了,IBM/PC的兼容机(我们今天熟知的Windows电脑) 成为市场主流。从股价来看IBM经历了这一番折腾之后,股价虽然长期来看依然有所上涨。AT&T:全盛时期绝对垄断,反垄断拆分后市占率急剧下降在有线电话时代,AT&T是美国毫无疑问的电信霸主。AT&T的前身是由电话发明人贝尔于1877年创建的美国贝尔电话公司。1895年,贝尔公司将其正在开发的美国全国范围的长途业务项目分割,建立了一家独立的公司称为美国电话电报公司(AT&T)。但是,在具有天然垄断性质电信行业,贝尔公司也很早就被美国联邦政府盯上。1913年和1949年,AT&T两度面临反托拉斯法诉讼,但最后都一一化解。1984年的拆分是AT&T公司一百二十年风雨历程的分水岭。拆分之前的AT&T几乎垄断了美国的州内、州际和国际电话业务。利用对市话系统的控制,限制长话竞争对手接入当地电话系统,AT&T实质上形成了对长话业务的垄断。此外,AT&T控股的Western Electric提供了几乎全部贝尔系统的设备,电信设备生产也在AT&T的垄断之下。其实,在1894年由于贝尔公司与政府所签的第二轮电话经营合同到期,贝尔电话公司已经失去了电话业务的经营垄断地位。10年之内,美国电信市场上就产生出6000多家电话公司。但是,虽然竞争者此起彼伏,但AT&T在美国电信界的统治地位仍然无可撼动。美国监管部门认为,AT&T已经严重阻碍了美国电信行业的健康发展。1984年,美国司法部正式分解AT&T,分拆出一个继承了母公司名称的新AT&T公司(专司长途业务)和七个本地电话公司(即“贝尔七兄弟”)。五年之后,AT&T的市占率从超过90%急剧下降到50%。竞争放开后,新兴电信运营商如雨后春笋般出现,通信市场出现激烈竞争。竞争带给美国电信市场极大的繁荣,并且给消费者带来了实惠,通话价格到20世纪80年代末已下降了40%。在反垄断案后,短期看,AT&T公司受诉讼影响跑输大盘;长期看, 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19:02","market":"us","language":"zh","title":"反垄断对阿里、腾讯、美团意味着什么?看看美股案例","url":"https://stock-news.laohu8.com/highlight/detail?id=1130962769","media":"华尔街见闻","summary":"国家市场监管总局对科技巨头垄断重拳出击,真的会把科技巨头的股价“打趴下”么?","content":"<blockquote>在经历了反垄断诉讼带来的短期“阵痛”之后,AT&T抓到了新的产业发展机遇、微软则转向云技术,IBM从长期来看,股价也在上涨,这些科技巨头都在诉讼之后成功“逆袭”。</blockquote><p>12月14日周一午间,国家市场监管总局反垄断局对阿里巴巴投资收购银泰商业股权、阅文集团收购新丽传媒股权、丰巢网络收购中邮智递股权等三起未依法申报违法实施经营者集中案作出行政处罚。</p><p>这一消息发布后引起市场强烈反应,阿里港股收跌2.63%,阅文集团下挫4.12%,腾讯控股跌2.89%,美团跌3.81%。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/e2c448e75c403f3d009a89d143ed12ac\" tg-width=\"840\" tg-height=\"470\"></p><p>值得注意的是,就在12月11日举行的中共中央政治局会议上,特别提到:“强化反垄断和防止资本无序扩张”。</p><p>如今,国家市场监管总局对科技巨头垄断重拳出击,真的会把科技巨头的股价“打趴下”么?美国的科技巨头在经历反垄断诉讼的阵痛之后,股价表现如何呢?</p><p><b>美国为什么反垄断?</b></p><p>在商业立国的美国,反垄断很早就提上了议事日程。</p><p>19世纪80年代末,在美国的石油、采煤、榨油、烟草、制糖等部门都出现了托拉斯组织。托拉斯的形成,一方面给垄断资本家带来超额利润,另方面却破坏了自由资本主义的经济结构,导致中小企业主、农场主的破产和广大劳动群众生活的恶化,从而激起群众性的反托拉斯运动的高涨。为了缓和社会矛盾,美国政府采取法律手段,进行国家干预。</p><p>1890年7月2日,美国国会通过《保护贸易及商业以免非法限制及垄断法案》,简称《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》。该法主要为禁止限制性贸易作法及垄断贸易的行为。这也是美国第一部反垄断法案。</p><p>这部仅有八个条款的法律在很多地方有模糊不清的地方。在三十多年后的1914年,美国国会制定了第二部重要的反托拉斯立法《克莱顿反托拉斯法》,作为对《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》的补充。该法明确规定了17种非法垄断行为,其中包括价格歧视、搭卖合同等。</p><p>同一年,美国成立了联邦贸易委员会,其主要任务是促进消费者保护及消除强迫性垄断等反竞争性商业行为。设立该独立结构,也被视作是当时美国政府反垄断的重要举措之一。</p><p>中信证券认为:</p><blockquote>美国市场经过百余年的反垄断发展,其司法实践以及规范基本成熟,参考其法律核心要义, <b>其核心立法精神并非遏制由规模效应、网络效应带来的市场份额集中(除部分公共领域外),其认为垄断问题的解决应该交由市场,通过市场的自由竞争、技术创新实现突破,法律主要聚焦在竞争手段的公平性层面,在核心的三大法律中,由垄断所带来的价格歧视、捆绑销售、恶意并购、业务排斥是最为主要的监管领域。</b></blockquote><p>如果被美国反垄断机构盯上,后果如何?</p><p>20世纪出现了包括美国标准石油、美洲铝业公司、IBM、AT&T、微软公司在内的五反托拉斯事件,其中的前四个案例,被控告垄断的企业最终不是被拆解就是被要求开放其垄断的市场,而只有在“合众国诉微软”一案中,双方最后达成了和解。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/e66f7a368ccbf50651234d849232cb25\" tg-width=\"1159\" tg-height=\"403\"></p><p>从针对科技和电信巨头IBM、AT&T以及微软的三起反垄断诉讼来看,除了在AT&T一案中联邦政府大获全胜之外,在另外两起案件中,美国联邦政府并未完全达到其预期的目标。</p><p>13年的官司,IBM如何避免被拆分的命运?</p><p>IBM作为计算机行业的巨头,在1960年代一度占据了全球超过半数以上的大型计算机市场,并主导通用计算机的行业规则,由此导致竞争对手的不满并引发政府对其垄断地位的调查。</p><p>美国司法部对IBM的控诉集中在:掠夺定价、技术排斥、捆绑销售三大领域。</p><p>美国司法部控诉IBM的直接起因是IBM的竞争对手控制数据公司(CDC)认为IBM向客户提前销售还在研制阶段的产品,目的就是为了降低CDC的销量以及拿到更多的市场份额,并因此提告IBM。</p><p>美国司法部自然不会放过这个天赐良机。<b>1969年1月,美国司法部对IBM正式提起了反垄断诉讼,认为其垄断了大型机市场,并且阻碍良性竞争。</b></p><p>在美国司法部入局之后,接下来的短短两年间,IBM就遭受了在美国境内多达22起来自不同公司的反垄断起诉。</p><p>这些起诉中,轻者要求IBM赔偿相应的市场份额损失,重者则要求IBM必须要分拆成多家公司。</p><p>为了能够应付起这数十起反垄断诉讼,IBM不得不同时雇佣了数百名律师来应付这些起诉。虽然在这其中IBM打赢了基本上所有的官司,并与最大的竞争对手CDC形成了庭外和解,但是IBM也付出了惨痛的代价。</p><p>在与美国司法部的反垄断诉讼中,IBM最后以超低价格将大型机部门出售给了CDC,并且承诺在此后数年间不得参与此类市场。</p><p>这场IBM和美国司法部之间的博弈,从1969年开始进行,一直持续了13年,直到1982年。</p><p>然而,1982年,耗时耗力无数的这场诉讼突然划上句号。当时的反垄断调查局局长以“没有价值”为由撤销了这一诉讼。</p><p><b>对IBM来说,这场诉讼令其元气大伤,不仅花费了大笔律师费,对计算机市场来说,这一诉讼也带来了明显改变。</b></p><p>1970年,IBM宣布一项重大改变,把向用户捆绑式销售软件和服务的模式, 改为分别计价销售,史称“价格分离”。</p><p>IBM开放IBM/PC,CPU采购自英特尔,操作系统由微软编写,同时开放软硬件技术标准,允许中小企业制造IBM/PC兼容机。从此,IBM/PC消失了,IBM/PC的兼容机(我们今天熟知的Windows电脑) 成为市场主流。</p><p>从股价来看IBM经历了这一番折腾之后,股价虽然长期来看依然有所上涨。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/8d6710660f6b94a9796fb3cc1e629b9a\" tg-width=\"1893\" tg-height=\"599\"></p><p>AT&T:全盛时期绝对垄断,反垄断拆分后市占率急剧下降</p><p>在有线电话时代,AT&T是美国毫无疑问的电信霸主。</p><p>AT&T的前身是由电话发明人贝尔于1877年创建的美国贝尔电话公司。1895年,贝尔公司将其正在开发的美国全国范围的长途业务项目分割,建立了一家独立的公司称为美国电话电报公司(AT&T)。</p><p>但是,在具有天然垄断性质电信行业,贝尔公司也很早就被美国联邦政府盯上。1913年和1949年,AT&T两度面临反托拉斯法诉讼,但最后都一一化解。</p><p><b>1984年的拆分是AT&T公司一百二十年风雨历程的分水岭。</b></p><p>拆分之前的AT&T几乎垄断了美国的州内、州际和国际电话业务。利用对市话系统的控制,限制长话竞争对手接入当地电话系统,AT&T实质上形成了对长话业务的垄断。此外,AT&T控股的Western Electric提供了几乎全部贝尔系统的设备,电信设备生产也在AT&T的垄断之下。</p><p>其实,在1894年由于贝尔公司与政府所签的第二轮电话经营合同到期,贝尔电话公司已经失去了电话业务的经营垄断地位。</p><p>10年之内,美国电信市场上就产生出6000多家电话公司。但是,虽然竞争者此起彼伏,但AT&T在美国电信界的统治地位仍然无可撼动。美国监管部门认为,AT&T已经严重阻碍了美国电信行业的健康发展。</p><p>1984年,美国司法部正式分解AT&T,分拆出一个继承了母公司名称的新AT&T公司(专司长途业务)和七个本地电话公司(即“贝尔七兄弟”)。五年之后,AT&T的市占率从超过90%急剧下降到50%。</p><p><b>竞争放开后,新兴电信运营商如雨后春笋般出现,通信市场出现激烈竞争。竞争带给美国电信市场极大的繁荣,并且给消费者带来了实惠,通话价格到20世纪80年代末已下降了40%。</b></p><p><b>在反垄断案后,短期看,AT&T公司受诉讼影响跑输大盘;长期看, AT&T公司受益通信产业升级实现成长。</b></p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/a2a9141a5168149064fa07e171590c35\" tg-width=\"1152\" tg-height=\"547\"></p><p>微软如何涅槃重生?</p><p>到了20世纪末,随着互联网技术的飞速发展,当时风头无两的微软,成为了美国反垄断机构眼中的下一个目标。</p><p>1997年10月,美国司法部指控微软垄断操作系统,认定微软把IE浏览器软件与Windows操作系统软件捆绑销售为非法。一年后,该反垄断案正式立案。</p><p>在之后的几年中,微软坚持认为IE浏览器并不是一个“产品”,而是一个可以添加到操作系统中的“功能”,不过联邦司法部显然并不认同这样的定义。司法部最初的要求是,希望将微软拆分为两家公司,一家专营操作系统,另一家则专营浏览器和其他软件。</p><p><b>在经历了三年的诉讼后,2001年11月2日,联邦司法部与微软就案件达成了和解。</b></p><p>这一和解方案要求微软与第三方公司共享API,并任命一个三人小组,该小组可以在今后5年的时间里随时对微软的系统、记录和源代码进行不受限制的访问和检查以确保其遵守了相关的协议。</p><p>换言之,之后微软的Windows操作系统就可以和其他开发商开发出来的浏览器软件相互兼容。</p><p>不过,联邦司法部并没有要求微软更改已有的任何代码,也没有禁止微软在未来的Windows中捆绑其它软件。很多州对这样的和解结果很不满意,认为这只不过是“一个巴掌打在手腕上”。</p><p>曾协助杰克逊法官起草事实认定草案的北卡罗莱纳大学教堂山分校反垄断法教授更表示,这一和解协议给予了微软公司的Windows和其它“平台软件”反垄断辖免权,协议中的这些条款将破坏自由竞争,微软现在已经开始享有其通过非法手段获得的浏览器软件市场垄断地位。</p><p><b>联邦政府诉微软的反垄断案,对微软来说,是一次涅槃重生的机会。</b></p><p><b>短期看,微软公司公司受诉讼和互联网泡沫破裂跑输纳指;长期看,15-16年后,微软公司成功实现云化转型,远远跑赢指数、</b></p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/62d246a422c964d155764d63928e788a\" tg-width=\"1166\" tg-height=\"538\"></p><p>反垄断之后,是什么?</p><p><b>毫无疑问,在反垄断大棒来袭之际,巨头的股价通常会下挫。但是,从长期、更宏观的视角来看,最近四十年来美国的三次反垄断高潮,恰恰催生了三次创新高潮。</b></p><p>华西证券认为:</p><blockquote>80年代针对AT&T和IBM的制裁,规模大、力度重,带来通信和计算机两个领域的20年繁荣;2000后,微软的“IE & Windows绑定”模式受倒制裁,同样催生浏览器新业态,谷歌等新巨头应运而生,20年来软件生态逐步开放;2020年针对多家科技巨头的听证会或是新一轮“反垄断”制裁的开始,对产业而言危与机并存,新的创新20年或同步开启。</blockquote><p>具体来看,在针对IBM的反垄断诉讼之后,IBM对外开放个人电脑操作系统和处理器,微软因此深度受益,并以此为契机开发出DOS系统,成为行业唯一标准,由此开启80年代的个人计算机时代,软件创新也全面繁荣。</p><p>在联邦政府诉微软的反垄断案结束后,美国联邦政府解除了IE和Windows的绑定限制,浏览器的创新转向多元,火狐浏览器(Mozilla Firefox) 和苹果Safari浏览器、谷歌浏览器(Google Chrome)相继入场,最终Google成为胜者。</p>","source":"highlight_wallstreetcn","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,minimum-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no\"/>\n<meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no,email=no,address=no\" />\n<title>反垄断对阿里、腾讯、美团意味着什么?看看美股案例 </title>\n<style 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}\nol{ list-style:decimal; }\nli,li p{ margin:10px 0;}\nimg{ max-width:100%;display:block;margin:0 auto 1em; }\nblockquote{ color:#B5B2B1; border-left:3px solid #aaa; padding:1em; }\nstrong,b{font-weight:bold;}\nem,i{font-style:italic;}\ntable{ width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:1px;margin:1em 0;font-size:.9em; }\nth,td{ padding:5px;text-align:left;border:1px solid #aaa; }\nth{ font-weight:bold;background:#5d5d5d; }\n.symbol-link{font-weight:bold;}\n/* header{ border-bottom:1px solid #494756; } */\n.title{ margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.3;color:#ddd; }\n.meta {color:#5e5c6d;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 .5em; }\na{text-decoration:none; color:#2a4b87;}\n.meta .head { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 11px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;line-height: 11px;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\n反垄断对阿里、腾讯、美团意味着什么?看看美股案例 \n</h2>\n\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n\n\n2020-12-14 19:02 北京时间 <a href=https://wallstreetcn.com/articles/3613427><strong>华尔街见闻</strong></a>\n\n\n</h4>\n\n</header>\n<article>\n<div>\n<p>在经历了反垄断诉讼带来的短期“阵痛”之后,AT&T抓到了新的产业发展机遇、微软则转向云技术,IBM从长期来看,股价也在上涨,这些科技巨头都在诉讼之后成功“逆袭”。12月14日周一午间,国家市场监管总局反垄断局对阿里巴巴投资收购银泰商业股权、阅文集团收购新丽传媒股权、丰巢网络收购中邮智递股权等三起未依法申报违法实施经营者集中案作出行政处罚。这一消息发布后引起市场强烈反应,阿里港股收跌2.63%,...</p>\n\n<a href=\"https://wallstreetcn.com/articles/3613427\">Web Link</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/448eebbbd0694a9e8242252daba83870","relate_stocks":{"09988":"阿里巴巴-W","03690":"美团-W","BABA":"阿里巴巴","00700":"腾讯控股"},"source_url":"https://wallstreetcn.com/articles/3613427","is_english":false,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/cc96873d3d23ee6ac10685520df9c100","article_id":"1130962769","content_text":"在经历了反垄断诉讼带来的短期“阵痛”之后,AT&T抓到了新的产业发展机遇、微软则转向云技术,IBM从长期来看,股价也在上涨,这些科技巨头都在诉讼之后成功“逆袭”。12月14日周一午间,国家市场监管总局反垄断局对阿里巴巴投资收购银泰商业股权、阅文集团收购新丽传媒股权、丰巢网络收购中邮智递股权等三起未依法申报违法实施经营者集中案作出行政处罚。这一消息发布后引起市场强烈反应,阿里港股收跌2.63%,阅文集团下挫4.12%,腾讯控股跌2.89%,美团跌3.81%。值得注意的是,就在12月11日举行的中共中央政治局会议上,特别提到:“强化反垄断和防止资本无序扩张”。如今,国家市场监管总局对科技巨头垄断重拳出击,真的会把科技巨头的股价“打趴下”么?美国的科技巨头在经历反垄断诉讼的阵痛之后,股价表现如何呢?美国为什么反垄断?在商业立国的美国,反垄断很早就提上了议事日程。19世纪80年代末,在美国的石油、采煤、榨油、烟草、制糖等部门都出现了托拉斯组织。托拉斯的形成,一方面给垄断资本家带来超额利润,另方面却破坏了自由资本主义的经济结构,导致中小企业主、农场主的破产和广大劳动群众生活的恶化,从而激起群众性的反托拉斯运动的高涨。为了缓和社会矛盾,美国政府采取法律手段,进行国家干预。1890年7月2日,美国国会通过《保护贸易及商业以免非法限制及垄断法案》,简称《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》。该法主要为禁止限制性贸易作法及垄断贸易的行为。这也是美国第一部反垄断法案。这部仅有八个条款的法律在很多地方有模糊不清的地方。在三十多年后的1914年,美国国会制定了第二部重要的反托拉斯立法《克莱顿反托拉斯法》,作为对《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》的补充。该法明确规定了17种非法垄断行为,其中包括价格歧视、搭卖合同等。同一年,美国成立了联邦贸易委员会,其主要任务是促进消费者保护及消除强迫性垄断等反竞争性商业行为。设立该独立结构,也被视作是当时美国政府反垄断的重要举措之一。中信证券认为:美国市场经过百余年的反垄断发展,其司法实践以及规范基本成熟,参考其法律核心要义, 其核心立法精神并非遏制由规模效应、网络效应带来的市场份额集中(除部分公共领域外),其认为垄断问题的解决应该交由市场,通过市场的自由竞争、技术创新实现突破,法律主要聚焦在竞争手段的公平性层面,在核心的三大法律中,由垄断所带来的价格歧视、捆绑销售、恶意并购、业务排斥是最为主要的监管领域。如果被美国反垄断机构盯上,后果如何?20世纪出现了包括美国标准石油、美洲铝业公司、IBM、AT&T、微软公司在内的五反托拉斯事件,其中的前四个案例,被控告垄断的企业最终不是被拆解就是被要求开放其垄断的市场,而只有在“合众国诉微软”一案中,双方最后达成了和解。从针对科技和电信巨头IBM、AT&T以及微软的三起反垄断诉讼来看,除了在AT&T一案中联邦政府大获全胜之外,在另外两起案件中,美国联邦政府并未完全达到其预期的目标。13年的官司,IBM如何避免被拆分的命运?IBM作为计算机行业的巨头,在1960年代一度占据了全球超过半数以上的大型计算机市场,并主导通用计算机的行业规则,由此导致竞争对手的不满并引发政府对其垄断地位的调查。美国司法部对IBM的控诉集中在:掠夺定价、技术排斥、捆绑销售三大领域。美国司法部控诉IBM的直接起因是IBM的竞争对手控制数据公司(CDC)认为IBM向客户提前销售还在研制阶段的产品,目的就是为了降低CDC的销量以及拿到更多的市场份额,并因此提告IBM。美国司法部自然不会放过这个天赐良机。1969年1月,美国司法部对IBM正式提起了反垄断诉讼,认为其垄断了大型机市场,并且阻碍良性竞争。在美国司法部入局之后,接下来的短短两年间,IBM就遭受了在美国境内多达22起来自不同公司的反垄断起诉。这些起诉中,轻者要求IBM赔偿相应的市场份额损失,重者则要求IBM必须要分拆成多家公司。为了能够应付起这数十起反垄断诉讼,IBM不得不同时雇佣了数百名律师来应付这些起诉。虽然在这其中IBM打赢了基本上所有的官司,并与最大的竞争对手CDC形成了庭外和解,但是IBM也付出了惨痛的代价。在与美国司法部的反垄断诉讼中,IBM最后以超低价格将大型机部门出售给了CDC,并且承诺在此后数年间不得参与此类市场。这场IBM和美国司法部之间的博弈,从1969年开始进行,一直持续了13年,直到1982年。然而,1982年,耗时耗力无数的这场诉讼突然划上句号。当时的反垄断调查局局长以“没有价值”为由撤销了这一诉讼。对IBM来说,这场诉讼令其元气大伤,不仅花费了大笔律师费,对计算机市场来说,这一诉讼也带来了明显改变。1970年,IBM宣布一项重大改变,把向用户捆绑式销售软件和服务的模式, 改为分别计价销售,史称“价格分离”。IBM开放IBM/PC,CPU采购自英特尔,操作系统由微软编写,同时开放软硬件技术标准,允许中小企业制造IBM/PC兼容机。从此,IBM/PC消失了,IBM/PC的兼容机(我们今天熟知的Windows电脑) 成为市场主流。从股价来看IBM经历了这一番折腾之后,股价虽然长期来看依然有所上涨。AT&T:全盛时期绝对垄断,反垄断拆分后市占率急剧下降在有线电话时代,AT&T是美国毫无疑问的电信霸主。AT&T的前身是由电话发明人贝尔于1877年创建的美国贝尔电话公司。1895年,贝尔公司将其正在开发的美国全国范围的长途业务项目分割,建立了一家独立的公司称为美国电话电报公司(AT&T)。但是,在具有天然垄断性质电信行业,贝尔公司也很早就被美国联邦政府盯上。1913年和1949年,AT&T两度面临反托拉斯法诉讼,但最后都一一化解。1984年的拆分是AT&T公司一百二十年风雨历程的分水岭。拆分之前的AT&T几乎垄断了美国的州内、州际和国际电话业务。利用对市话系统的控制,限制长话竞争对手接入当地电话系统,AT&T实质上形成了对长话业务的垄断。此外,AT&T控股的Western Electric提供了几乎全部贝尔系统的设备,电信设备生产也在AT&T的垄断之下。其实,在1894年由于贝尔公司与政府所签的第二轮电话经营合同到期,贝尔电话公司已经失去了电话业务的经营垄断地位。10年之内,美国电信市场上就产生出6000多家电话公司。但是,虽然竞争者此起彼伏,但AT&T在美国电信界的统治地位仍然无可撼动。美国监管部门认为,AT&T已经严重阻碍了美国电信行业的健康发展。1984年,美国司法部正式分解AT&T,分拆出一个继承了母公司名称的新AT&T公司(专司长途业务)和七个本地电话公司(即“贝尔七兄弟”)。五年之后,AT&T的市占率从超过90%急剧下降到50%。竞争放开后,新兴电信运营商如雨后春笋般出现,通信市场出现激烈竞争。竞争带给美国电信市场极大的繁荣,并且给消费者带来了实惠,通话价格到20世纪80年代末已下降了40%。在反垄断案后,短期看,AT&T公司受诉讼影响跑输大盘;长期看, AT&T公司受益通信产业升级实现成长。微软如何涅槃重生?到了20世纪末,随着互联网技术的飞速发展,当时风头无两的微软,成为了美国反垄断机构眼中的下一个目标。1997年10月,美国司法部指控微软垄断操作系统,认定微软把IE浏览器软件与Windows操作系统软件捆绑销售为非法。一年后,该反垄断案正式立案。在之后的几年中,微软坚持认为IE浏览器并不是一个“产品”,而是一个可以添加到操作系统中的“功能”,不过联邦司法部显然并不认同这样的定义。司法部最初的要求是,希望将微软拆分为两家公司,一家专营操作系统,另一家则专营浏览器和其他软件。在经历了三年的诉讼后,2001年11月2日,联邦司法部与微软就案件达成了和解。这一和解方案要求微软与第三方公司共享API,并任命一个三人小组,该小组可以在今后5年的时间里随时对微软的系统、记录和源代码进行不受限制的访问和检查以确保其遵守了相关的协议。换言之,之后微软的Windows操作系统就可以和其他开发商开发出来的浏览器软件相互兼容。不过,联邦司法部并没有要求微软更改已有的任何代码,也没有禁止微软在未来的Windows中捆绑其它软件。很多州对这样的和解结果很不满意,认为这只不过是“一个巴掌打在手腕上”。曾协助杰克逊法官起草事实认定草案的北卡罗莱纳大学教堂山分校反垄断法教授更表示,这一和解协议给予了微软公司的Windows和其它“平台软件”反垄断辖免权,协议中的这些条款将破坏自由竞争,微软现在已经开始享有其通过非法手段获得的浏览器软件市场垄断地位。联邦政府诉微软的反垄断案,对微软来说,是一次涅槃重生的机会。短期看,微软公司公司受诉讼和互联网泡沫破裂跑输纳指;长期看,15-16年后,微软公司成功实现云化转型,远远跑赢指数、反垄断之后,是什么?毫无疑问,在反垄断大棒来袭之际,巨头的股价通常会下挫。但是,从长期、更宏观的视角来看,最近四十年来美国的三次反垄断高潮,恰恰催生了三次创新高潮。华西证券认为:80年代针对AT&T和IBM的制裁,规模大、力度重,带来通信和计算机两个领域的20年繁荣;2000后,微软的“IE & Windows绑定”模式受倒制裁,同样催生浏览器新业态,谷歌等新巨头应运而生,20年来软件生态逐步开放;2020年针对多家科技巨头的听证会或是新一轮“反垄断”制裁的开始,对产业而言危与机并存,新的创新20年或同步开启。具体来看,在针对IBM的反垄断诉讼之后,IBM对外开放个人电脑操作系统和处理器,微软因此深度受益,并以此为契机开发出DOS系统,成为行业唯一标准,由此开启80年代的个人计算机时代,软件创新也全面繁荣。在联邦政府诉微软的反垄断案结束后,美国联邦政府解除了IE和Windows的绑定限制,浏览器的创新转向多元,火狐浏览器(Mozilla Firefox) 和苹果Safari浏览器、谷歌浏览器(Google Chrome)相继入场,最终Google成为胜者。","news_type":1},"isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":669,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":0,"langContent":"CN","totalScore":0},{"id":303062185,"gmtCreate":1602827416547,"gmtModify":1703828083275,"author":{"id":"3460593148671094","authorId":"3460593148671094","name":"chh","avatar":"https://static.laohu8.com/default-avatar.jpg","crmLevel":2,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"3460593148671094","authorIdStr":"3460593148671094"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/CMCM\">$猎豹移动(CMCM)$</a>为什么除权后现在都还没到账?","listText":"<a 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