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山水庄园高小琴
前半辈子失败了,后半辈子不能再掉坑里了!
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山水庄园高小琴
2021-07-24
$滴滴(DIDI)$
居然能到8以下,哭死!
山水庄园高小琴
2021-07-04
$滴滴(DIDI)$
真的假的?emmmm
山水庄园高小琴
2021-06-30
$每日优鲜(MF)$
互联网四大坑:每日优鲜、便利蜂、美菜、瓜子。求职找工作一定要避开,如果上市的话股票也别碰!
山水庄园高小琴
2021-06-28
卖不出去,什么情况?市价也不成交!
山水庄园高小琴
2021-06-26
$每日优鲜(MF)$
赶紧把 叮咚买菜 取消申购了!
$叮咚(DDL)$
山水庄园高小琴
2021-06-25
$每日优鲜(MF)$
发行价居然取下限,觉得今天要破发!
山水庄园高小琴
2021-06-24
必须支持!
山水庄园高小琴
2021-06-23
$满帮(YMM)$
等饿了!
山水庄园高小琴
2021-06-22
$微软(MSFT)$
从18年拿到现在,还是你最靠谱!
山水庄园高小琴
2021-06-22
$满帮(YMM)$
今天开盘就抛,没别的选择!
山水庄园高小琴
2021-06-21
$爱回收(RERE)$
一首凉凉送给自己!
山水庄园高小琴
2021-06-18
$微软(MSFT)$
拿点微软,来点小杠杆,舒适!
山水庄园高小琴
2021-02-08
$誉燊丰控股(02132)$
什么时候才能跌到90%呀!
山水庄园高小琴
2020-08-21
写的乱七八糟!
拼多多在变相吸收特斯拉的行业势能
山水庄园高小琴
2020-08-06
$艾德韦宣集团(09919)$
玩这种股真心挺累的,一点不活跃,一天也成交不了几手...
山水庄园高小琴
2020-07-31
$理想汽车(LI)$
白不提黑不提,就这么拖着?
山水庄园高小琴
2020-07-31
$理想汽车(LI)$
应该“杀”个老虎程序员祭天!
山水庄园高小琴
2020-07-10
$趣活(QH)$
感谢老虎的阳光普照,周末的火锅有着落了!
山水庄园高小琴
2020-07-10
$趣活(QH)$
不管中多中少,凭良心说个人还是挺喜欢老美的这种打新方式,参与者基本人人有份,挺好的!
山水庄园高小琴
2020-06-26
$声网(API)$
群里静悄悄,看来是暂时都没中签消息!
去老虎APP查看更多动态
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href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/02132\">$誉燊丰控股(02132)$</a>什么时候才能跌到90%呀!","text":"$誉燊丰控股(02132)$什么时候才能跌到90%呀!","images":[{"img":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/0a203ca60789b8dcefcccd8310ab7a13","width":"1080","height":"1920"}],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":1,"commentSize":3,"repostSize":0,"link":"https://laohu8.com/post/389601913","isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":2213,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":1,"langContent":"CN","totalScore":0},{"id":979385456,"gmtCreate":1598004818475,"gmtModify":1704217590123,"author":{"id":"3490342400693369","authorId":"3490342400693369","name":"山水庄园高小琴","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/f5b5e8a76de3728fc33b011dc46cfb23","crmLevel":1,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"followedFlag":false,"authorIdStr":"3490342400693369","idStr":"3490342400693369"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"写的乱七八糟!","listText":"写的乱七八糟!","text":"写的乱七八糟!","images":[],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"link":"https://laohu8.com/post/979385456","repostId":"1168915276","repostType":2,"repost":{"id":"1168915276","kind":"news","weMediaInfo":{"introduction":"纸上谈兵,分辨科技史信号与噪声。","home_visible":1,"media_name":"乱翻书","id":"1084516151","head_image":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/1c1c24ff5bb34d338f5ba94644774bba"},"pubTimestamp":1597806789,"share":"https://www.laohu8.com/m/news/1168915276?lang=&edition=full","pubTime":"2020-08-19 11:13","market":"us","language":"zh","title":"拼多多在变相吸收特斯拉的行业势能","url":"https://stock-news.laohu8.com/highlight/detail?id=1168915276","media":"乱翻书","summary":"拼多多和特斯拉这轮撕扯,结果会有利拼多多,不利特斯拉。","content":"<p>文/潘乱</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/PDD\">拼多多</a>和<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/TSLA\">特斯拉</a>这轮撕扯,结果会有利拼多多,不利特斯拉。</p>\n<p>因为消费者是哪里便宜去哪里,他只关心两件事:</p>\n<p>拼多多是不是真便宜?yes</p>\n<p>买到的特斯拉是不是真的?yes</p>\n<p>至于渠道是否合规以及是否会伤害到特斯拉的定价体系,那不是普通消费者会关心的事情。</p>\n<p>吵下去的结果就是:拼多多真的想让用户低价买到特斯拉,进一步夯实正品低价心智,百亿补贴再搞一波。特斯拉不让消费者低价买车,败坏在路人和媒体群体间的好感。</p>\n<p>另外就是拼多多这两年非常积极经营媒体关系,经常批量充值。特斯拉在中国向来不做营销和公关,这次事情处理越激烈,这个不懂国情的外宾身份就会越暴露。</p>\n<p>拼多多在变相吸收特斯拉的行业势能。</p>\n<p>这轮舆论战,引来了非常多社会媒体和自媒体的参与,早已超越一个行业争议事件。拼多多变现实现了通过社会新闻传播百亿补贴,低价正品的营销策略,覆盖到了更多日常投放触及不到的(类特斯拉)客户群。在网民情绪和核心媒体论述都已经发生偏袒时候的这阶段,特斯拉在做什么?讲道理,发动车主一起讲道理。同时还禁止那个顾客提车,闹得越大特斯拉中国就越像个不懂国情的外宾。</p>\n<p>比如PingWest的骆轶航就认为特斯拉应该道歉——不是对故事的另一主角拼多多,而是对那位因为参与了拼多多“团拼”特斯拉Model 3被取消了提车资格、被拉入了传说中黑名单、进而费尽周折用家人的账户提到了车,旋即再被特斯拉官方莫名否认了的武汉车主。但特斯拉是不会道歉的。</p>\n<p>拿宽容当贡品,拿善意当恶意,拿服务当恩赐的做法,已经成了特斯拉中国区一部分拿着海外护照、挂着英文名和随时用冷冰冰格式化的对话当沟通模板的“高级人士”的标签,他们实在是太高级了。他们怎么会道歉呢,不会的。</p>\n<p>那为什么拼多多一定要让用户买到特斯拉?哪怕是自费购买也要让这个结果实现。这还得从拼多多去年开启的百亿补贴开始聊起。</p>\n<p>都是真货,iPhone便宜800、特斯拉便宜两万你买不买?</p>\n<p>拼多多的市值和一线城市份额上升告诉我们的道理是:无论多大的偏见,都能被更大的利益消除。</p>\n<p>拼多多的百亿补贴上线一周年,股价翻了几番,在用户日常的口头语境也从拼夕夕摇身变成了拼爹爹,又便宜又好不翻车真香。</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/1c8d2cf95c2b9b2a34be42e131b8abaa\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"820\"></p>\n<p>1.增长降速</p>\n<p>2019年,狂飙上市的拼多多出现增速放缓,2019年Q1的获客成本达到197元,创历史新高,而新增用户数仅为2480万,创历史新低。</p>\n<p>这时被视作下沉市场巨头的拼多多需要向“五环内”开始迈进,提升客单价,以及延续增长势头。但同时,体量更大的阿里和<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/JD\">京东</a>开始积极探索下沉市场,京喜变成了微信购物的一级入口,聚划算、天天特卖和后来的淘宝特价版被阿里陆续推出,帮助两家公司在“五环外”收获了规模新增用户。</p>\n<p>更大的挑战发生在10月份,微信官方更新外接管理规范,表态将封杀砍价和违规拼团,而拼多多的起家就是靠在微信体系内的用户拼团和社交裂变,这意味着以往用户触达和唤醒的路径可能不再有效了。</p>\n<p>买不到用户,营销费用高,收入不行,百亿补贴钱的拼多多处在过去上市以来的股价低点。</p>\n<p>拼多多之前是对冲基金博弈的重地,一拨人特别看好,一拨人特别不看好,所以波动很大。去年Q2季报以后进来了一些长线基金,波动开始没那么大了。</p>\n<p>但是平台的拉新和促活,拼多多都需要新的增长手段。</p>\n<p>去年Q2之后拼多多在市场最大的变化就是百亿补贴常态化。</p>\n<p>2.形象升级</p>\n<p>拼多多推出“百亿补贴”的初衷,其实为了让人相信拼多多不是骗子。从拼夕夕到拼爹爹,吸引主流用户来拼多多买主流商品,“百亿补贴”堪称互联网最大规模的烧钱换取信任的行为。</p>\n<p>砍价、浇水、九块九的刻板印象,让很多用户以为拼多多没有品牌货,都是便宜货,所以拼多多要通过百亿补贴吸引用户来拼多多购物,让用户认识到拼多多也有品牌货,卖正品,且正品的价格也能做到比其他平台更低。</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/c0d57165ef3a839d10c25d3ff3b2de86\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"579\"></p>\n<p>为了准备618年中大促,2019年6月拼多多推出了“百亿补贴”的营销策略,花100亿补贴全网大牌。百亿补贴的商品会在成本价的基础上补贴5%-50%(即商品的销售价格=成本价-补贴金额),售价低于市面价,活动期间商品补贴总金额为100亿,补完为止。</p>\n<p>3C是拼多多百亿补贴的主打品类,尤其是客单价较高的品牌产品,如<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/AAPL\">苹果</a>手机、戴森吹风机既有用户认可又有品牌权重,用硬商品硬补贴硬价格,帮助拼多多摘掉山寨标签、实现平台品牌升级、重塑消费者信任。</p>\n<p>对于拼多多来说,500块钱补贴一个苹果手机,可以起到冲GMV+吸引一二线用户+打品牌等多种作用,盈亏部分之外的财报变得愈发好看,股价自去年618以来也处在不断上涨过程中。</p>\n<p>在交易盘上,2019年拼多多GMV突破万亿元,百亿补贴带来的GMV占比约6%-7%。在用户盘上,2019年Q2-Q4三个季度新增1.4亿年活跃用户,并且新增买家中有将近一半来自高线城市。</p>\n<p>3.拉新和促活</p>\n<p>百亿补贴既是拉新也是促活。</p>\n<p>去年拼多多有用户增长压力侧重拉新,关键指标是要看活跃买家数量。结果百亿补贴效果超预期的好,2019年年度活跃买家达到5.36亿,推测今年拼多多会更关注延长用户生命周期。比如去年百亿补贴一开始都是找苹果这种拉高客单价,现在也铺家电潮鞋等更丰富的品类,最近的新闻是拼多多做社区团购开始卖菜了。</p>\n<p>拼多多百亿补贴的iPhone或特斯拉,换在短视频领域有个不恰当的类比可能是快手签下周杰伦,因为这个SKU本身就有高认知度和影响力,能够吸引与平台用户结构升级方向匹配的用户主动过来。拼多多用低价爆款带动平台上里其他商品交叉销售,同时倒逼供应链压缩成本直接在单个爆款上赚微利。</p>\n<p>再类比一下做高频需求集合的美团。美团占据了主要的线下高频入口,通过高频服务将用户吸引过来,用户在平台上留的越久,购买其他服务的比例会提高,美团所有生活服务类产品的新增用户有80%来自于高频外卖/到店业务的转化。不同频次的业务进行反复叠加,深化用户心智的占据,比如每天点一次外卖,每周看一次电影吃一次到店,每月住一次宾馆。</p>\n<p>拼多多能继续砸证明LTV不仅打平说不定还能赚,不然也不会加大力度。</p>\n<p>4.谁能打价格战?</p>\n<p>拼多多通过百亿补贴低价正品做大3C品类,吸引高线城市用户和补充货架构成,让人想起当年京东通过跟当当网的价格战进入图书品类,迈向全品类B2C。当时刘强东说的是“如果图书在五年内给公司赚了一分钱净利,都会把你们整个部门全部开除!”</p>\n<p>拼多多的策略很简单,在活跃买家数量和LTV增长停滞之前,在核心数据超过淘宝之前,根本不考虑盈利。黄峥认为“花钱是一种投资,是一种长期的机遇,而“长期”是增长的战略,也是与变现的取舍。</p>\n<p>有位电商从业者与乱翻书对比过京东的价格战跟拼多多百亿补贴的异同。</p>\n<p>京东当年打的是一个一年200亿的小市场,花小钱打击对手,再加上拓展一部分当时的新用户群体(女性,白领等)。使用的杠杆不太一样(拼多多高),成本也不太一样(京东低),体量也不太一样(京东大当当小,拼多多小京东大)。</p>\n<p>实际操作上,区别可能就是京东当时是自营,自己贴自己,反正当时书都是批发市场进的,可能控制力更强些;拼多多是平台,补贴是和商家共同承担的,其实也是帮参加补贴活动的商家做大了规模。</p>\n<p>京东当时没亏多少钱,冲击力自然没拼多多补贴3C强。而且图书这个品类,从耗羊毛到建立信任建立其他品类转化,没那么给力,那些用户留下来还是因为京东整体处于上升期。</p>\n<p>当时当当也反向补贴3C来着,但不成功,很快就停了。一是心智原因,在当当买书的人,不见得在当当买3C,或者有3C需求,你补了我也未必买单。而且3C是低频,为了耗你这一次羊毛,我还得注册,以后也用不着你,当当又不是平台。二是当当补贴力度没有冲击,便宜两三个点,对于转移成本来说力度不够。所以当当既无法促进自己的用户买3C,又无法拉到京东和<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/AMZN\">亚马逊</a>的用户。最后就是体量差,这种近身刺刀战,只能是小胖子跟大胖子打,不能是小瘦子跟大胖子打。</p>\n<p>5.如何高效补贴?</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/860c7babd0209aca32127cd1072489c1\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"245\"></p>\n<p>黄峥一直说拼多多的未来是Costco+迪斯尼。</p>\n<p>我们可以看到Costco在上海开新店时候,也是用茅台和爱马仕撬开市场,硬通货吸流量。</p>\n<p>茅台是供不应求,显然不是存在库存压力,这件事是Costco的主动选择。拼多多选苹果和特斯拉显然也不是官方配合,有没有库存压力,拼多多都会选择更有利于吸引高线城市用户和补充货架构成的SKU。</p>\n<p>过去天猫、京东等传统电商平台的补贴促销策略设计了各种门槛和套路,诸如需要凑单、部分可用、整点抢券等,增加了用户的操作门槛。拼多多百亿补贴则更加简单粗暴,主打“直接让利”,低价、正品、选品、现货销售、不限时不限购。</p>\n<p>拼多多将电商促销作为常规性补贴活动,不再需要抢购,推动电商成熟用户的频次提升和电商渗透率的加速提升。</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/be0b1face6b201a14e10c4ff4dbdb6f0\" tg-width=\"512\" tg-height=\"287\"></p>\n<p>拼多多百亿补贴的效率的一个关键性相关维度是选品的精准度,也就是选择全网热度、传播度最高的商品,在对于不同类型的商品选品给到不同的补贴空间。比如今年iPhone SE刚发布时,一堆网友就艾特拼多多,拼多多也很快公布了百亿补贴价,2899,然后社交媒体里面再形成一轮传播。</p>\n<p>拼多多的百亿补贴选品从 iPhone、任天堂 Switch,到乳胶床垫、戴森吹风机、大牌化妆品,拼多多在力争用这些商品争取过去无法触达的用户。直到最近遇到了如此主动配合拼多多做宣传的特斯拉中国,又帮助拼多多节省了一大笔广告费。</p>\n<p>而且拼多多的百亿补贴一开始是官方补,然后找所有全网最低价格的类目,按照运营挑出来热度足够的可以报名。后来出现了商家报名但是参加不了的情况,商家就自己说自己可以承担货损,你给我上。于是有了拼多多贴一部分,商家贴一部分。</p>\n<p>6.低价心智</p>\n<p>亚马逊飞轮效应的起点和终点都是压低商品价格吸引更多顾客。</p>\n<p>拼多多现在跟竞争对手比补贴效率的核心意图应该就是要维护低价心智。</p>\n<p>拼多多的产品逻辑是,用户量和订单量越来越大,商家行销成本或者说流量费用降低,可以让利给消费者同时利用平台推荐机制获得更多流量。再者因为佣金抽成少,商家有更多空间可以让利,刺激更多的用户和订单。同时,拼多多把百亿补贴记为市场营销费用,即为平台买用户量。而市场营销费用是要计算ROI的,ROI打正才会继续投。平台做大C是为了吸引B,完成了一个业务逻辑的循环。</p>\n<p>拼多多商家卖得便宜的关键是⾏销费⽤。产品的成本包括生产、物流和销售,其中销售成本是大头,占了商品总成本的30%左右。销售成本又包括两块费⽤,⼀是占⽐15%的销售费⽤,⽤于产品给消费者的降价折扣;⼆是⾏销费⽤占⽐15%,⽤于购买⼴告流量及赠品发放等。</p>\n<p>据雪球上一篇商家在券商的分享,商家在拼多多多数根本⽤不完15%的⾏销费⽤,所以会有不需要购买流量的品牌商愿意在拼多多上多打折,因为商家都已经在成本之中预留了给消费者打⼋五折的空间。如果15%的⾏销费⽤根本不够⽤, 那商家会缩减给消费者的折扣补过来。</p>\n<p>商品在今天,可以粗暴的分为两个发展极端,一个是性价比化产品,一个是品牌溢价产品。这两个方向的产品,分别在品类,人群,流量玩法上都体现出了差异。</p>\n<p>拼多多的爆款逻辑,结合他的流量方式,大多数可以认为是适合性价比产品(低价),这个是由价格敏感型人群+流量玩法共同决定的。拼多多的流量玩法是价格越低流量就越高,做低价做到一定程度,流量费用就越来越接近商品价格本身。且商家也会将之前在其他平台需要支付的广告费和佣金去掉选择降价销售,再加上拼多多的百亿补贴,共同压低了商品的价格。</p>\n<p>所以拼多多是低价心智,百亿补贴也就是去找下低价的品牌SKU。</p>\n<p>消费分层了,把应该卖便宜的东西卖的便宜,在拼多多买到低价正品,在拼夕夕的语境里是属于超出消费者预期的。百亿补贴是拼多多想在低价心智之外再建立正品心智,从买便宜货到买货便宜。同时也是补充搜索,丰富SKU,用户经常在平台搜的产品不能没有,平台也需要从SKU供给角度保证搜索体验。</p>\n<p>之前大家都思考消费升级,是因为相信用过好东西的人回不去,体验的升级是单向的,这没错。但是带着销售价格的提升不一定就是对的,因为人一代知道有更便宜的替代选择,用过了也是回不去了。</p>\n<p>经济环境不好,收入降低,帮助大家回归理性。</p>\n<p>7.用户视角</p>\n<p>单商品购买个人的认知是有一个前提假设:价格敏感人群单次成交的商品中位数接近于1,同时结合拼多多的玩法来看,多个商品下单之后不好发起拼单,所以单个商品的购买更符合拼多多的玩法和人群特质。</p>\n<p>购物车清单是PC时代的逻辑,平台希望消费者买更多,好处是复购。单品购买是手机上放大随机消费决策因素,产品更简单更聚焦,成交更快更无感(尤其是开通免密支付之后)。就是一个是平台和商业视角出发,一个是用户视角出发。</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/c7ed37cdf6e1f17fe0ee4062324c1cb7\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"1191\"></p>\n<p>据说黄峥说过:“好的公司买的产品大致上可以分为两种:失去的恐惧和得到的惊喜”。看下百亿补贴这个低价曲线的UI,算是把失去的恐惧和得到的惊喜表达的很明白了。</p>\n<p>基于对用户需求的深刻理解,拼多多的创新玩法主要就体现在四个字上:简单粗暴。比如百亿补贴就是直接降价、无需满减。再比如拼多多从公众号小程序开始就特别在意促活,跟新闻客户端一样有事没事发个push,刷展示刷推荐。</p>\n<p>这些游戏化设计的结果之一,就是电商渗透率和成熟用户的频次提升,覆盖到微信支付里众多还没有被电商服务好的人群,吸引来更多产业带的工厂加入。</p>\n<p>8.大牌与拼多多</p>\n<p>至于大品牌商家是否愿意也与拼多多合作,看似新经济和传统经济的冲突,其实质是成本与效率的博弈。当效率大于成本的时候,自然就会有合作的可能性。哪怕品牌不愿意合作,经销商也会来合作。拼多多把苹果卖的很便宜,但是不影响苹果的高端心智。</p>\n<p>特斯拉认为拼多多是在侵犯他的合法权益的出发点在于:特斯拉不仅是个生产厂家,同时他也是个销售网络,而且只有直营。在特斯拉直营店之外出现的特斯拉销售渠道都是跟特斯拉官方直营渠道的竞争,所以特斯拉要严控渠道体系。</p>\n<p>是不是很像小米起家那几年,只做官方电商直销,不要线下渠道,也不跟其他电商平台合作。因为小米网本身就是电商。</p>\n<p>但说到底,哪个渠道能卖货,品牌商就必须照顾。渠道就是阵地,你不去占领,你的对手就会去占领,小米后来也会跟天猫京东拼多多合作。而且大品牌也不是刻意要高溢价,许多是因为品牌花了很多的成本,而不是刻意卖贵。</p>\n<p>另外那些强溢价的大牌,会着重考虑商品的辐射人群。比如TCL的75寸彩电可以在拼多多卖的很好,但是Sony的43寸不一定能在拼多多卖的好。在当前阶段,强溢价品牌还会去选择更匹配的渠道。</p>\n<p>但除了部分有核心技术门槛的商品外,大部分快消品里,大品牌和小品牌的差异直观体现是品牌溢价。一样的东西我价格高20%,这20%我再拿出15%去做营销投放,这是个循环,这也是以前品牌广告存在的价值,做心智植入。</p>\n<p>品牌心智和低价是两个模型,拼多多需要强势品牌做增长、提升和改善,但拼多多认为低价心智才是最好的心智。</p>\n<p>中国是贴牌大国。上市后黄峥曾谈及对品牌的看法,“品牌是一代一代的。什么叫大牌?在中国人脑子当中进口的都是大牌,但是这个应该要得到改变了,那是上一个时代的产物,凭什么中国造了30年的东西还被叫山寨呢?为什么中国的东西就不能叫大牌呢?”</p>\n<p>9.流量逻辑VS爆款逻辑</p>\n<p>淘宝与天猫是购物中心的概念,流量来自货品的聚合,海量的商品,带来对应的流量。人找货的逻辑。</p>\n<p>拼多多是低价拼购,是用户去找用户的团购逻辑,货品不靠丰富,而依靠尖货的数量。品类是非计划性购买,人找人和货找人的逻辑。因为在这过程里面,本身效率高,</p>\n<p>同样来自上文那位商家的分享,“天猫有个阿⾥妈妈,⾥⾯有各式各样的营销⼯具,商家要花钱买流量和友军竞争,否则排名就会掉下去。⼤家可以到⽹上搜 “淘宝开⻋” 讲的就是商家们要不断烧钱买直通⻋,这部分的流量营销费⽤⾮常之多,在⼀些品类上甚⾄可能会占到成本的25%到30%。如果你为了⾏销,就得花掉25%的成本来买流量,你⾃然只能给到消费95折的价格,不然你就是亏本的。”</p>\n<p>拼多多当前是典型的以⽤户为中⼼的流量分发机制,简单来说就是低价爆款。你去烧钱投⼴告的效果,可能还不如直接降价1块钱。你去研究竞价排名的⼴告,还不如专⼼打磨⼀个爆款、⼀个低价的爆款冲出销量。</p>\n<p>拼多多的逻辑是价格越低流量就越高,营销的费用就会少,商家就把打广告的钱用在了给消费者降价。</p>\n<p>淘宝是逛,拼多多是省,多快好省四个字里面省字最重要,高过其他三项所有。黄峥自己也说,拼多多和淘宝的模式有本质不同。</p>\n<p>“淘宝是流量逻辑,主体是搜索,用户要自己去找商品,所以需要海量SKU来满足长尾需求;拼多多代表的是匹配,推荐商品给消费者,SKU有限,但要满足结构性丰富。</p>\n<p>淘宝一直倡导C2B但做不起来,就是因为淘宝的千人千面相当于个性化搜索,但搜索本身是长尾的,你就很难做反向定制。而拼多多是把海量流量集中到有限商品里,有了规模之后再反向定制,从而极大降低成本。这也是<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/WMT\">沃尔玛</a>和costco的差别,拼多多的终极定位就是针对不同的人群做不同的costco。”</p>\n<p>10.短促突击</p>\n<p>拼多多补贴3C换GMV,补贴新客(带着偏见的一二线城市用户)换增长,补贴获客换LTV,一部分被阿里生态挤出来的需求被拼多多满足了,打法非常奏效。</p>\n<p>但阿里流量成本太高不方便跟,而且这里还有两个问题:</p>\n<p>一是当你自己拥有足够大的3C用户后,你从外面能吸的有限,这时候补贴其实是在自己吃自己;</p>\n<p>二是阿里上的3C,现在都是品牌商为主,品牌商是不愿意这样伤害定价体系的。京东补图书,书是从批发市场进的,出版社管不到;现在拼多多上的3C商家,多不是品牌商或大经销商,一个逻辑。</p>\n<p>梁宁在2015年发过篇文章,“寸劲寸进--读《论短促突击》”。堡垒对堡垒,正面战,对手兵力十倍于你,对小家伙那是送死的打法。唯一的出路,是短促突击。要在狭小的空间里,与敌贴身时发力。</p>\n<p>就像当年红军长征,走大路就被敌人追上干掉了,只能去走别人不愿走走不了的小路野路。</p>\n<p>补贴是典型的后发者策略,小代价换竞对的大流血,培养用户心智,吸收对手的行业势能最后让大品牌商进来把你当成营销阵地。所以特斯拉这件事情,闹得越大,对拼多多越有利,因为是拼多多在变现吸收特斯拉的行业势能。</p>\n<p>但拼多多这个打法,要算好两个事。第一是对手没法全跟,第二一开始供货要避开品牌商,也就是对方的资产或盟友。拼多多最初补贴的3C商家,既不是品牌商,也不是跟着阿里成长起来的那批老牌线上经销商。第一家出来站拼多多的品牌商是格兰仕,原本在天猫量就不大。</p>\n<p>短促出击,这是一种根据总体兵力、火力为弱势情况下,结合复杂地形及战况,尽量集中兵力、火力在局部形成反击优势,继而以防守反击模式展开突击作战的战术。</p>","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" 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margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 11px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;line-height: 11px;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\n拼多多在变相吸收特斯拉的行业势能\n</h2>\n\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n\n\n<a class=\"head\" href=\"https://laohu8.com/wemedia/1084516151\">\n\n\n<div class=\"h-thumb\" style=\"background-image:url(https://static.tigerbbs.com/1c1c24ff5bb34d338f5ba94644774bba);background-size:cover;\"></div>\n\n<div class=\"h-content\">\n<p class=\"h-name\">乱翻书 </p>\n<p class=\"h-time\">2020-08-19 11:13</p>\n</div>\n\n</a>\n\n\n</h4>\n\n</header>\n<article>\n<p>文/潘乱</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/PDD\">拼多多</a>和<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/TSLA\">特斯拉</a>这轮撕扯,结果会有利拼多多,不利特斯拉。</p>\n<p>因为消费者是哪里便宜去哪里,他只关心两件事:</p>\n<p>拼多多是不是真便宜?yes</p>\n<p>买到的特斯拉是不是真的?yes</p>\n<p>至于渠道是否合规以及是否会伤害到特斯拉的定价体系,那不是普通消费者会关心的事情。</p>\n<p>吵下去的结果就是:拼多多真的想让用户低价买到特斯拉,进一步夯实正品低价心智,百亿补贴再搞一波。特斯拉不让消费者低价买车,败坏在路人和媒体群体间的好感。</p>\n<p>另外就是拼多多这两年非常积极经营媒体关系,经常批量充值。特斯拉在中国向来不做营销和公关,这次事情处理越激烈,这个不懂国情的外宾身份就会越暴露。</p>\n<p>拼多多在变相吸收特斯拉的行业势能。</p>\n<p>这轮舆论战,引来了非常多社会媒体和自媒体的参与,早已超越一个行业争议事件。拼多多变现实现了通过社会新闻传播百亿补贴,低价正品的营销策略,覆盖到了更多日常投放触及不到的(类特斯拉)客户群。在网民情绪和核心媒体论述都已经发生偏袒时候的这阶段,特斯拉在做什么?讲道理,发动车主一起讲道理。同时还禁止那个顾客提车,闹得越大特斯拉中国就越像个不懂国情的外宾。</p>\n<p>比如PingWest的骆轶航就认为特斯拉应该道歉——不是对故事的另一主角拼多多,而是对那位因为参与了拼多多“团拼”特斯拉Model 3被取消了提车资格、被拉入了传说中黑名单、进而费尽周折用家人的账户提到了车,旋即再被特斯拉官方莫名否认了的武汉车主。但特斯拉是不会道歉的。</p>\n<p>拿宽容当贡品,拿善意当恶意,拿服务当恩赐的做法,已经成了特斯拉中国区一部分拿着海外护照、挂着英文名和随时用冷冰冰格式化的对话当沟通模板的“高级人士”的标签,他们实在是太高级了。他们怎么会道歉呢,不会的。</p>\n<p>那为什么拼多多一定要让用户买到特斯拉?哪怕是自费购买也要让这个结果实现。这还得从拼多多去年开启的百亿补贴开始聊起。</p>\n<p>都是真货,iPhone便宜800、特斯拉便宜两万你买不买?</p>\n<p>拼多多的市值和一线城市份额上升告诉我们的道理是:无论多大的偏见,都能被更大的利益消除。</p>\n<p>拼多多的百亿补贴上线一周年,股价翻了几番,在用户日常的口头语境也从拼夕夕摇身变成了拼爹爹,又便宜又好不翻车真香。</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/1c8d2cf95c2b9b2a34be42e131b8abaa\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"820\"></p>\n<p>1.增长降速</p>\n<p>2019年,狂飙上市的拼多多出现增速放缓,2019年Q1的获客成本达到197元,创历史新高,而新增用户数仅为2480万,创历史新低。</p>\n<p>这时被视作下沉市场巨头的拼多多需要向“五环内”开始迈进,提升客单价,以及延续增长势头。但同时,体量更大的阿里和<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/JD\">京东</a>开始积极探索下沉市场,京喜变成了微信购物的一级入口,聚划算、天天特卖和后来的淘宝特价版被阿里陆续推出,帮助两家公司在“五环外”收获了规模新增用户。</p>\n<p>更大的挑战发生在10月份,微信官方更新外接管理规范,表态将封杀砍价和违规拼团,而拼多多的起家就是靠在微信体系内的用户拼团和社交裂变,这意味着以往用户触达和唤醒的路径可能不再有效了。</p>\n<p>买不到用户,营销费用高,收入不行,百亿补贴钱的拼多多处在过去上市以来的股价低点。</p>\n<p>拼多多之前是对冲基金博弈的重地,一拨人特别看好,一拨人特别不看好,所以波动很大。去年Q2季报以后进来了一些长线基金,波动开始没那么大了。</p>\n<p>但是平台的拉新和促活,拼多多都需要新的增长手段。</p>\n<p>去年Q2之后拼多多在市场最大的变化就是百亿补贴常态化。</p>\n<p>2.形象升级</p>\n<p>拼多多推出“百亿补贴”的初衷,其实为了让人相信拼多多不是骗子。从拼夕夕到拼爹爹,吸引主流用户来拼多多买主流商品,“百亿补贴”堪称互联网最大规模的烧钱换取信任的行为。</p>\n<p>砍价、浇水、九块九的刻板印象,让很多用户以为拼多多没有品牌货,都是便宜货,所以拼多多要通过百亿补贴吸引用户来拼多多购物,让用户认识到拼多多也有品牌货,卖正品,且正品的价格也能做到比其他平台更低。</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/c0d57165ef3a839d10c25d3ff3b2de86\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"579\"></p>\n<p>为了准备618年中大促,2019年6月拼多多推出了“百亿补贴”的营销策略,花100亿补贴全网大牌。百亿补贴的商品会在成本价的基础上补贴5%-50%(即商品的销售价格=成本价-补贴金额),售价低于市面价,活动期间商品补贴总金额为100亿,补完为止。</p>\n<p>3C是拼多多百亿补贴的主打品类,尤其是客单价较高的品牌产品,如<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/AAPL\">苹果</a>手机、戴森吹风机既有用户认可又有品牌权重,用硬商品硬补贴硬价格,帮助拼多多摘掉山寨标签、实现平台品牌升级、重塑消费者信任。</p>\n<p>对于拼多多来说,500块钱补贴一个苹果手机,可以起到冲GMV+吸引一二线用户+打品牌等多种作用,盈亏部分之外的财报变得愈发好看,股价自去年618以来也处在不断上涨过程中。</p>\n<p>在交易盘上,2019年拼多多GMV突破万亿元,百亿补贴带来的GMV占比约6%-7%。在用户盘上,2019年Q2-Q4三个季度新增1.4亿年活跃用户,并且新增买家中有将近一半来自高线城市。</p>\n<p>3.拉新和促活</p>\n<p>百亿补贴既是拉新也是促活。</p>\n<p>去年拼多多有用户增长压力侧重拉新,关键指标是要看活跃买家数量。结果百亿补贴效果超预期的好,2019年年度活跃买家达到5.36亿,推测今年拼多多会更关注延长用户生命周期。比如去年百亿补贴一开始都是找苹果这种拉高客单价,现在也铺家电潮鞋等更丰富的品类,最近的新闻是拼多多做社区团购开始卖菜了。</p>\n<p>拼多多百亿补贴的iPhone或特斯拉,换在短视频领域有个不恰当的类比可能是快手签下周杰伦,因为这个SKU本身就有高认知度和影响力,能够吸引与平台用户结构升级方向匹配的用户主动过来。拼多多用低价爆款带动平台上里其他商品交叉销售,同时倒逼供应链压缩成本直接在单个爆款上赚微利。</p>\n<p>再类比一下做高频需求集合的美团。美团占据了主要的线下高频入口,通过高频服务将用户吸引过来,用户在平台上留的越久,购买其他服务的比例会提高,美团所有生活服务类产品的新增用户有80%来自于高频外卖/到店业务的转化。不同频次的业务进行反复叠加,深化用户心智的占据,比如每天点一次外卖,每周看一次电影吃一次到店,每月住一次宾馆。</p>\n<p>拼多多能继续砸证明LTV不仅打平说不定还能赚,不然也不会加大力度。</p>\n<p>4.谁能打价格战?</p>\n<p>拼多多通过百亿补贴低价正品做大3C品类,吸引高线城市用户和补充货架构成,让人想起当年京东通过跟当当网的价格战进入图书品类,迈向全品类B2C。当时刘强东说的是“如果图书在五年内给公司赚了一分钱净利,都会把你们整个部门全部开除!”</p>\n<p>拼多多的策略很简单,在活跃买家数量和LTV增长停滞之前,在核心数据超过淘宝之前,根本不考虑盈利。黄峥认为“花钱是一种投资,是一种长期的机遇,而“长期”是增长的战略,也是与变现的取舍。</p>\n<p>有位电商从业者与乱翻书对比过京东的价格战跟拼多多百亿补贴的异同。</p>\n<p>京东当年打的是一个一年200亿的小市场,花小钱打击对手,再加上拓展一部分当时的新用户群体(女性,白领等)。使用的杠杆不太一样(拼多多高),成本也不太一样(京东低),体量也不太一样(京东大当当小,拼多多小京东大)。</p>\n<p>实际操作上,区别可能就是京东当时是自营,自己贴自己,反正当时书都是批发市场进的,可能控制力更强些;拼多多是平台,补贴是和商家共同承担的,其实也是帮参加补贴活动的商家做大了规模。</p>\n<p>京东当时没亏多少钱,冲击力自然没拼多多补贴3C强。而且图书这个品类,从耗羊毛到建立信任建立其他品类转化,没那么给力,那些用户留下来还是因为京东整体处于上升期。</p>\n<p>当时当当也反向补贴3C来着,但不成功,很快就停了。一是心智原因,在当当买书的人,不见得在当当买3C,或者有3C需求,你补了我也未必买单。而且3C是低频,为了耗你这一次羊毛,我还得注册,以后也用不着你,当当又不是平台。二是当当补贴力度没有冲击,便宜两三个点,对于转移成本来说力度不够。所以当当既无法促进自己的用户买3C,又无法拉到京东和<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/AMZN\">亚马逊</a>的用户。最后就是体量差,这种近身刺刀战,只能是小胖子跟大胖子打,不能是小瘦子跟大胖子打。</p>\n<p>5.如何高效补贴?</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/860c7babd0209aca32127cd1072489c1\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"245\"></p>\n<p>黄峥一直说拼多多的未来是Costco+迪斯尼。</p>\n<p>我们可以看到Costco在上海开新店时候,也是用茅台和爱马仕撬开市场,硬通货吸流量。</p>\n<p>茅台是供不应求,显然不是存在库存压力,这件事是Costco的主动选择。拼多多选苹果和特斯拉显然也不是官方配合,有没有库存压力,拼多多都会选择更有利于吸引高线城市用户和补充货架构成的SKU。</p>\n<p>过去天猫、京东等传统电商平台的补贴促销策略设计了各种门槛和套路,诸如需要凑单、部分可用、整点抢券等,增加了用户的操作门槛。拼多多百亿补贴则更加简单粗暴,主打“直接让利”,低价、正品、选品、现货销售、不限时不限购。</p>\n<p>拼多多将电商促销作为常规性补贴活动,不再需要抢购,推动电商成熟用户的频次提升和电商渗透率的加速提升。</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/be0b1face6b201a14e10c4ff4dbdb6f0\" tg-width=\"512\" tg-height=\"287\"></p>\n<p>拼多多百亿补贴的效率的一个关键性相关维度是选品的精准度,也就是选择全网热度、传播度最高的商品,在对于不同类型的商品选品给到不同的补贴空间。比如今年iPhone SE刚发布时,一堆网友就艾特拼多多,拼多多也很快公布了百亿补贴价,2899,然后社交媒体里面再形成一轮传播。</p>\n<p>拼多多的百亿补贴选品从 iPhone、任天堂 Switch,到乳胶床垫、戴森吹风机、大牌化妆品,拼多多在力争用这些商品争取过去无法触达的用户。直到最近遇到了如此主动配合拼多多做宣传的特斯拉中国,又帮助拼多多节省了一大笔广告费。</p>\n<p>而且拼多多的百亿补贴一开始是官方补,然后找所有全网最低价格的类目,按照运营挑出来热度足够的可以报名。后来出现了商家报名但是参加不了的情况,商家就自己说自己可以承担货损,你给我上。于是有了拼多多贴一部分,商家贴一部分。</p>\n<p>6.低价心智</p>\n<p>亚马逊飞轮效应的起点和终点都是压低商品价格吸引更多顾客。</p>\n<p>拼多多现在跟竞争对手比补贴效率的核心意图应该就是要维护低价心智。</p>\n<p>拼多多的产品逻辑是,用户量和订单量越来越大,商家行销成本或者说流量费用降低,可以让利给消费者同时利用平台推荐机制获得更多流量。再者因为佣金抽成少,商家有更多空间可以让利,刺激更多的用户和订单。同时,拼多多把百亿补贴记为市场营销费用,即为平台买用户量。而市场营销费用是要计算ROI的,ROI打正才会继续投。平台做大C是为了吸引B,完成了一个业务逻辑的循环。</p>\n<p>拼多多商家卖得便宜的关键是⾏销费⽤。产品的成本包括生产、物流和销售,其中销售成本是大头,占了商品总成本的30%左右。销售成本又包括两块费⽤,⼀是占⽐15%的销售费⽤,⽤于产品给消费者的降价折扣;⼆是⾏销费⽤占⽐15%,⽤于购买⼴告流量及赠品发放等。</p>\n<p>据雪球上一篇商家在券商的分享,商家在拼多多多数根本⽤不完15%的⾏销费⽤,所以会有不需要购买流量的品牌商愿意在拼多多上多打折,因为商家都已经在成本之中预留了给消费者打⼋五折的空间。如果15%的⾏销费⽤根本不够⽤, 那商家会缩减给消费者的折扣补过来。</p>\n<p>商品在今天,可以粗暴的分为两个发展极端,一个是性价比化产品,一个是品牌溢价产品。这两个方向的产品,分别在品类,人群,流量玩法上都体现出了差异。</p>\n<p>拼多多的爆款逻辑,结合他的流量方式,大多数可以认为是适合性价比产品(低价),这个是由价格敏感型人群+流量玩法共同决定的。拼多多的流量玩法是价格越低流量就越高,做低价做到一定程度,流量费用就越来越接近商品价格本身。且商家也会将之前在其他平台需要支付的广告费和佣金去掉选择降价销售,再加上拼多多的百亿补贴,共同压低了商品的价格。</p>\n<p>所以拼多多是低价心智,百亿补贴也就是去找下低价的品牌SKU。</p>\n<p>消费分层了,把应该卖便宜的东西卖的便宜,在拼多多买到低价正品,在拼夕夕的语境里是属于超出消费者预期的。百亿补贴是拼多多想在低价心智之外再建立正品心智,从买便宜货到买货便宜。同时也是补充搜索,丰富SKU,用户经常在平台搜的产品不能没有,平台也需要从SKU供给角度保证搜索体验。</p>\n<p>之前大家都思考消费升级,是因为相信用过好东西的人回不去,体验的升级是单向的,这没错。但是带着销售价格的提升不一定就是对的,因为人一代知道有更便宜的替代选择,用过了也是回不去了。</p>\n<p>经济环境不好,收入降低,帮助大家回归理性。</p>\n<p>7.用户视角</p>\n<p>单商品购买个人的认知是有一个前提假设:价格敏感人群单次成交的商品中位数接近于1,同时结合拼多多的玩法来看,多个商品下单之后不好发起拼单,所以单个商品的购买更符合拼多多的玩法和人群特质。</p>\n<p>购物车清单是PC时代的逻辑,平台希望消费者买更多,好处是复购。单品购买是手机上放大随机消费决策因素,产品更简单更聚焦,成交更快更无感(尤其是开通免密支付之后)。就是一个是平台和商业视角出发,一个是用户视角出发。</p>\n<p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/c7ed37cdf6e1f17fe0ee4062324c1cb7\" tg-width=\"550\" tg-height=\"1191\"></p>\n<p>据说黄峥说过:“好的公司买的产品大致上可以分为两种:失去的恐惧和得到的惊喜”。看下百亿补贴这个低价曲线的UI,算是把失去的恐惧和得到的惊喜表达的很明白了。</p>\n<p>基于对用户需求的深刻理解,拼多多的创新玩法主要就体现在四个字上:简单粗暴。比如百亿补贴就是直接降价、无需满减。再比如拼多多从公众号小程序开始就特别在意促活,跟新闻客户端一样有事没事发个push,刷展示刷推荐。</p>\n<p>这些游戏化设计的结果之一,就是电商渗透率和成熟用户的频次提升,覆盖到微信支付里众多还没有被电商服务好的人群,吸引来更多产业带的工厂加入。</p>\n<p>8.大牌与拼多多</p>\n<p>至于大品牌商家是否愿意也与拼多多合作,看似新经济和传统经济的冲突,其实质是成本与效率的博弈。当效率大于成本的时候,自然就会有合作的可能性。哪怕品牌不愿意合作,经销商也会来合作。拼多多把苹果卖的很便宜,但是不影响苹果的高端心智。</p>\n<p>特斯拉认为拼多多是在侵犯他的合法权益的出发点在于:特斯拉不仅是个生产厂家,同时他也是个销售网络,而且只有直营。在特斯拉直营店之外出现的特斯拉销售渠道都是跟特斯拉官方直营渠道的竞争,所以特斯拉要严控渠道体系。</p>\n<p>是不是很像小米起家那几年,只做官方电商直销,不要线下渠道,也不跟其他电商平台合作。因为小米网本身就是电商。</p>\n<p>但说到底,哪个渠道能卖货,品牌商就必须照顾。渠道就是阵地,你不去占领,你的对手就会去占领,小米后来也会跟天猫京东拼多多合作。而且大品牌也不是刻意要高溢价,许多是因为品牌花了很多的成本,而不是刻意卖贵。</p>\n<p>另外那些强溢价的大牌,会着重考虑商品的辐射人群。比如TCL的75寸彩电可以在拼多多卖的很好,但是Sony的43寸不一定能在拼多多卖的好。在当前阶段,强溢价品牌还会去选择更匹配的渠道。</p>\n<p>但除了部分有核心技术门槛的商品外,大部分快消品里,大品牌和小品牌的差异直观体现是品牌溢价。一样的东西我价格高20%,这20%我再拿出15%去做营销投放,这是个循环,这也是以前品牌广告存在的价值,做心智植入。</p>\n<p>品牌心智和低价是两个模型,拼多多需要强势品牌做增长、提升和改善,但拼多多认为低价心智才是最好的心智。</p>\n<p>中国是贴牌大国。上市后黄峥曾谈及对品牌的看法,“品牌是一代一代的。什么叫大牌?在中国人脑子当中进口的都是大牌,但是这个应该要得到改变了,那是上一个时代的产物,凭什么中国造了30年的东西还被叫山寨呢?为什么中国的东西就不能叫大牌呢?”</p>\n<p>9.流量逻辑VS爆款逻辑</p>\n<p>淘宝与天猫是购物中心的概念,流量来自货品的聚合,海量的商品,带来对应的流量。人找货的逻辑。</p>\n<p>拼多多是低价拼购,是用户去找用户的团购逻辑,货品不靠丰富,而依靠尖货的数量。品类是非计划性购买,人找人和货找人的逻辑。因为在这过程里面,本身效率高,</p>\n<p>同样来自上文那位商家的分享,“天猫有个阿⾥妈妈,⾥⾯有各式各样的营销⼯具,商家要花钱买流量和友军竞争,否则排名就会掉下去。⼤家可以到⽹上搜 “淘宝开⻋” 讲的就是商家们要不断烧钱买直通⻋,这部分的流量营销费⽤⾮常之多,在⼀些品类上甚⾄可能会占到成本的25%到30%。如果你为了⾏销,就得花掉25%的成本来买流量,你⾃然只能给到消费95折的价格,不然你就是亏本的。”</p>\n<p>拼多多当前是典型的以⽤户为中⼼的流量分发机制,简单来说就是低价爆款。你去烧钱投⼴告的效果,可能还不如直接降价1块钱。你去研究竞价排名的⼴告,还不如专⼼打磨⼀个爆款、⼀个低价的爆款冲出销量。</p>\n<p>拼多多的逻辑是价格越低流量就越高,营销的费用就会少,商家就把打广告的钱用在了给消费者降价。</p>\n<p>淘宝是逛,拼多多是省,多快好省四个字里面省字最重要,高过其他三项所有。黄峥自己也说,拼多多和淘宝的模式有本质不同。</p>\n<p>“淘宝是流量逻辑,主体是搜索,用户要自己去找商品,所以需要海量SKU来满足长尾需求;拼多多代表的是匹配,推荐商品给消费者,SKU有限,但要满足结构性丰富。</p>\n<p>淘宝一直倡导C2B但做不起来,就是因为淘宝的千人千面相当于个性化搜索,但搜索本身是长尾的,你就很难做反向定制。而拼多多是把海量流量集中到有限商品里,有了规模之后再反向定制,从而极大降低成本。这也是<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/WMT\">沃尔玛</a>和costco的差别,拼多多的终极定位就是针对不同的人群做不同的costco。”</p>\n<p>10.短促突击</p>\n<p>拼多多补贴3C换GMV,补贴新客(带着偏见的一二线城市用户)换增长,补贴获客换LTV,一部分被阿里生态挤出来的需求被拼多多满足了,打法非常奏效。</p>\n<p>但阿里流量成本太高不方便跟,而且这里还有两个问题:</p>\n<p>一是当你自己拥有足够大的3C用户后,你从外面能吸的有限,这时候补贴其实是在自己吃自己;</p>\n<p>二是阿里上的3C,现在都是品牌商为主,品牌商是不愿意这样伤害定价体系的。京东补图书,书是从批发市场进的,出版社管不到;现在拼多多上的3C商家,多不是品牌商或大经销商,一个逻辑。</p>\n<p>梁宁在2015年发过篇文章,“寸劲寸进--读《论短促突击》”。堡垒对堡垒,正面战,对手兵力十倍于你,对小家伙那是送死的打法。唯一的出路,是短促突击。要在狭小的空间里,与敌贴身时发力。</p>\n<p>就像当年红军长征,走大路就被敌人追上干掉了,只能去走别人不愿走走不了的小路野路。</p>\n<p>补贴是典型的后发者策略,小代价换竞对的大流血,培养用户心智,吸收对手的行业势能最后让大品牌商进来把你当成营销阵地。所以特斯拉这件事情,闹得越大,对拼多多越有利,因为是拼多多在变现吸收特斯拉的行业势能。</p>\n<p>但拼多多这个打法,要算好两个事。第一是对手没法全跟,第二一开始供货要避开品牌商,也就是对方的资产或盟友。拼多多最初补贴的3C商家,既不是品牌商,也不是跟着阿里成长起来的那批老牌线上经销商。第一家出来站拼多多的品牌商是格兰仕,原本在天猫量就不大。</p>\n<p>短促出击,这是一种根据总体兵力、火力为弱势情况下,结合复杂地形及战况,尽量集中兵力、火力在局部形成反击优势,继而以防守反击模式展开突击作战的战术。</p>\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/d5041da53e042a01ba7c48681415af9a","relate_stocks":{"PDD":"拼多多","TSLA":"特斯拉"},"is_english":false,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/e9f99090a1c2ed51c021029395664489","article_id":"1168915276","content_text":"文/潘乱\n拼多多和特斯拉这轮撕扯,结果会有利拼多多,不利特斯拉。\n因为消费者是哪里便宜去哪里,他只关心两件事:\n拼多多是不是真便宜?yes\n买到的特斯拉是不是真的?yes\n至于渠道是否合规以及是否会伤害到特斯拉的定价体系,那不是普通消费者会关心的事情。\n吵下去的结果就是:拼多多真的想让用户低价买到特斯拉,进一步夯实正品低价心智,百亿补贴再搞一波。特斯拉不让消费者低价买车,败坏在路人和媒体群体间的好感。\n另外就是拼多多这两年非常积极经营媒体关系,经常批量充值。特斯拉在中国向来不做营销和公关,这次事情处理越激烈,这个不懂国情的外宾身份就会越暴露。\n拼多多在变相吸收特斯拉的行业势能。\n这轮舆论战,引来了非常多社会媒体和自媒体的参与,早已超越一个行业争议事件。拼多多变现实现了通过社会新闻传播百亿补贴,低价正品的营销策略,覆盖到了更多日常投放触及不到的(类特斯拉)客户群。在网民情绪和核心媒体论述都已经发生偏袒时候的这阶段,特斯拉在做什么?讲道理,发动车主一起讲道理。同时还禁止那个顾客提车,闹得越大特斯拉中国就越像个不懂国情的外宾。\n比如PingWest的骆轶航就认为特斯拉应该道歉——不是对故事的另一主角拼多多,而是对那位因为参与了拼多多“团拼”特斯拉Model 3被取消了提车资格、被拉入了传说中黑名单、进而费尽周折用家人的账户提到了车,旋即再被特斯拉官方莫名否认了的武汉车主。但特斯拉是不会道歉的。\n拿宽容当贡品,拿善意当恶意,拿服务当恩赐的做法,已经成了特斯拉中国区一部分拿着海外护照、挂着英文名和随时用冷冰冰格式化的对话当沟通模板的“高级人士”的标签,他们实在是太高级了。他们怎么会道歉呢,不会的。\n那为什么拼多多一定要让用户买到特斯拉?哪怕是自费购买也要让这个结果实现。这还得从拼多多去年开启的百亿补贴开始聊起。\n都是真货,iPhone便宜800、特斯拉便宜两万你买不买?\n拼多多的市值和一线城市份额上升告诉我们的道理是:无论多大的偏见,都能被更大的利益消除。\n拼多多的百亿补贴上线一周年,股价翻了几番,在用户日常的口头语境也从拼夕夕摇身变成了拼爹爹,又便宜又好不翻车真香。\n\n1.增长降速\n2019年,狂飙上市的拼多多出现增速放缓,2019年Q1的获客成本达到197元,创历史新高,而新增用户数仅为2480万,创历史新低。\n这时被视作下沉市场巨头的拼多多需要向“五环内”开始迈进,提升客单价,以及延续增长势头。但同时,体量更大的阿里和京东开始积极探索下沉市场,京喜变成了微信购物的一级入口,聚划算、天天特卖和后来的淘宝特价版被阿里陆续推出,帮助两家公司在“五环外”收获了规模新增用户。\n更大的挑战发生在10月份,微信官方更新外接管理规范,表态将封杀砍价和违规拼团,而拼多多的起家就是靠在微信体系内的用户拼团和社交裂变,这意味着以往用户触达和唤醒的路径可能不再有效了。\n买不到用户,营销费用高,收入不行,百亿补贴钱的拼多多处在过去上市以来的股价低点。\n拼多多之前是对冲基金博弈的重地,一拨人特别看好,一拨人特别不看好,所以波动很大。去年Q2季报以后进来了一些长线基金,波动开始没那么大了。\n但是平台的拉新和促活,拼多多都需要新的增长手段。\n去年Q2之后拼多多在市场最大的变化就是百亿补贴常态化。\n2.形象升级\n拼多多推出“百亿补贴”的初衷,其实为了让人相信拼多多不是骗子。从拼夕夕到拼爹爹,吸引主流用户来拼多多买主流商品,“百亿补贴”堪称互联网最大规模的烧钱换取信任的行为。\n砍价、浇水、九块九的刻板印象,让很多用户以为拼多多没有品牌货,都是便宜货,所以拼多多要通过百亿补贴吸引用户来拼多多购物,让用户认识到拼多多也有品牌货,卖正品,且正品的价格也能做到比其他平台更低。\n\n为了准备618年中大促,2019年6月拼多多推出了“百亿补贴”的营销策略,花100亿补贴全网大牌。百亿补贴的商品会在成本价的基础上补贴5%-50%(即商品的销售价格=成本价-补贴金额),售价低于市面价,活动期间商品补贴总金额为100亿,补完为止。\n3C是拼多多百亿补贴的主打品类,尤其是客单价较高的品牌产品,如苹果手机、戴森吹风机既有用户认可又有品牌权重,用硬商品硬补贴硬价格,帮助拼多多摘掉山寨标签、实现平台品牌升级、重塑消费者信任。\n对于拼多多来说,500块钱补贴一个苹果手机,可以起到冲GMV+吸引一二线用户+打品牌等多种作用,盈亏部分之外的财报变得愈发好看,股价自去年618以来也处在不断上涨过程中。\n在交易盘上,2019年拼多多GMV突破万亿元,百亿补贴带来的GMV占比约6%-7%。在用户盘上,2019年Q2-Q4三个季度新增1.4亿年活跃用户,并且新增买家中有将近一半来自高线城市。\n3.拉新和促活\n百亿补贴既是拉新也是促活。\n去年拼多多有用户增长压力侧重拉新,关键指标是要看活跃买家数量。结果百亿补贴效果超预期的好,2019年年度活跃买家达到5.36亿,推测今年拼多多会更关注延长用户生命周期。比如去年百亿补贴一开始都是找苹果这种拉高客单价,现在也铺家电潮鞋等更丰富的品类,最近的新闻是拼多多做社区团购开始卖菜了。\n拼多多百亿补贴的iPhone或特斯拉,换在短视频领域有个不恰当的类比可能是快手签下周杰伦,因为这个SKU本身就有高认知度和影响力,能够吸引与平台用户结构升级方向匹配的用户主动过来。拼多多用低价爆款带动平台上里其他商品交叉销售,同时倒逼供应链压缩成本直接在单个爆款上赚微利。\n再类比一下做高频需求集合的美团。美团占据了主要的线下高频入口,通过高频服务将用户吸引过来,用户在平台上留的越久,购买其他服务的比例会提高,美团所有生活服务类产品的新增用户有80%来自于高频外卖/到店业务的转化。不同频次的业务进行反复叠加,深化用户心智的占据,比如每天点一次外卖,每周看一次电影吃一次到店,每月住一次宾馆。\n拼多多能继续砸证明LTV不仅打平说不定还能赚,不然也不会加大力度。\n4.谁能打价格战?\n拼多多通过百亿补贴低价正品做大3C品类,吸引高线城市用户和补充货架构成,让人想起当年京东通过跟当当网的价格战进入图书品类,迈向全品类B2C。当时刘强东说的是“如果图书在五年内给公司赚了一分钱净利,都会把你们整个部门全部开除!”\n拼多多的策略很简单,在活跃买家数量和LTV增长停滞之前,在核心数据超过淘宝之前,根本不考虑盈利。黄峥认为“花钱是一种投资,是一种长期的机遇,而“长期”是增长的战略,也是与变现的取舍。\n有位电商从业者与乱翻书对比过京东的价格战跟拼多多百亿补贴的异同。\n京东当年打的是一个一年200亿的小市场,花小钱打击对手,再加上拓展一部分当时的新用户群体(女性,白领等)。使用的杠杆不太一样(拼多多高),成本也不太一样(京东低),体量也不太一样(京东大当当小,拼多多小京东大)。\n实际操作上,区别可能就是京东当时是自营,自己贴自己,反正当时书都是批发市场进的,可能控制力更强些;拼多多是平台,补贴是和商家共同承担的,其实也是帮参加补贴活动的商家做大了规模。\n京东当时没亏多少钱,冲击力自然没拼多多补贴3C强。而且图书这个品类,从耗羊毛到建立信任建立其他品类转化,没那么给力,那些用户留下来还是因为京东整体处于上升期。\n当时当当也反向补贴3C来着,但不成功,很快就停了。一是心智原因,在当当买书的人,不见得在当当买3C,或者有3C需求,你补了我也未必买单。而且3C是低频,为了耗你这一次羊毛,我还得注册,以后也用不着你,当当又不是平台。二是当当补贴力度没有冲击,便宜两三个点,对于转移成本来说力度不够。所以当当既无法促进自己的用户买3C,又无法拉到京东和亚马逊的用户。最后就是体量差,这种近身刺刀战,只能是小胖子跟大胖子打,不能是小瘦子跟大胖子打。\n5.如何高效补贴?\n\n黄峥一直说拼多多的未来是Costco+迪斯尼。\n我们可以看到Costco在上海开新店时候,也是用茅台和爱马仕撬开市场,硬通货吸流量。\n茅台是供不应求,显然不是存在库存压力,这件事是Costco的主动选择。拼多多选苹果和特斯拉显然也不是官方配合,有没有库存压力,拼多多都会选择更有利于吸引高线城市用户和补充货架构成的SKU。\n过去天猫、京东等传统电商平台的补贴促销策略设计了各种门槛和套路,诸如需要凑单、部分可用、整点抢券等,增加了用户的操作门槛。拼多多百亿补贴则更加简单粗暴,主打“直接让利”,低价、正品、选品、现货销售、不限时不限购。\n拼多多将电商促销作为常规性补贴活动,不再需要抢购,推动电商成熟用户的频次提升和电商渗透率的加速提升。\n\n拼多多百亿补贴的效率的一个关键性相关维度是选品的精准度,也就是选择全网热度、传播度最高的商品,在对于不同类型的商品选品给到不同的补贴空间。比如今年iPhone SE刚发布时,一堆网友就艾特拼多多,拼多多也很快公布了百亿补贴价,2899,然后社交媒体里面再形成一轮传播。\n拼多多的百亿补贴选品从 iPhone、任天堂 Switch,到乳胶床垫、戴森吹风机、大牌化妆品,拼多多在力争用这些商品争取过去无法触达的用户。直到最近遇到了如此主动配合拼多多做宣传的特斯拉中国,又帮助拼多多节省了一大笔广告费。\n而且拼多多的百亿补贴一开始是官方补,然后找所有全网最低价格的类目,按照运营挑出来热度足够的可以报名。后来出现了商家报名但是参加不了的情况,商家就自己说自己可以承担货损,你给我上。于是有了拼多多贴一部分,商家贴一部分。\n6.低价心智\n亚马逊飞轮效应的起点和终点都是压低商品价格吸引更多顾客。\n拼多多现在跟竞争对手比补贴效率的核心意图应该就是要维护低价心智。\n拼多多的产品逻辑是,用户量和订单量越来越大,商家行销成本或者说流量费用降低,可以让利给消费者同时利用平台推荐机制获得更多流量。再者因为佣金抽成少,商家有更多空间可以让利,刺激更多的用户和订单。同时,拼多多把百亿补贴记为市场营销费用,即为平台买用户量。而市场营销费用是要计算ROI的,ROI打正才会继续投。平台做大C是为了吸引B,完成了一个业务逻辑的循环。\n拼多多商家卖得便宜的关键是⾏销费⽤。产品的成本包括生产、物流和销售,其中销售成本是大头,占了商品总成本的30%左右。销售成本又包括两块费⽤,⼀是占⽐15%的销售费⽤,⽤于产品给消费者的降价折扣;⼆是⾏销费⽤占⽐15%,⽤于购买⼴告流量及赠品发放等。\n据雪球上一篇商家在券商的分享,商家在拼多多多数根本⽤不完15%的⾏销费⽤,所以会有不需要购买流量的品牌商愿意在拼多多上多打折,因为商家都已经在成本之中预留了给消费者打⼋五折的空间。如果15%的⾏销费⽤根本不够⽤, 那商家会缩减给消费者的折扣补过来。\n商品在今天,可以粗暴的分为两个发展极端,一个是性价比化产品,一个是品牌溢价产品。这两个方向的产品,分别在品类,人群,流量玩法上都体现出了差异。\n拼多多的爆款逻辑,结合他的流量方式,大多数可以认为是适合性价比产品(低价),这个是由价格敏感型人群+流量玩法共同决定的。拼多多的流量玩法是价格越低流量就越高,做低价做到一定程度,流量费用就越来越接近商品价格本身。且商家也会将之前在其他平台需要支付的广告费和佣金去掉选择降价销售,再加上拼多多的百亿补贴,共同压低了商品的价格。\n所以拼多多是低价心智,百亿补贴也就是去找下低价的品牌SKU。\n消费分层了,把应该卖便宜的东西卖的便宜,在拼多多买到低价正品,在拼夕夕的语境里是属于超出消费者预期的。百亿补贴是拼多多想在低价心智之外再建立正品心智,从买便宜货到买货便宜。同时也是补充搜索,丰富SKU,用户经常在平台搜的产品不能没有,平台也需要从SKU供给角度保证搜索体验。\n之前大家都思考消费升级,是因为相信用过好东西的人回不去,体验的升级是单向的,这没错。但是带着销售价格的提升不一定就是对的,因为人一代知道有更便宜的替代选择,用过了也是回不去了。\n经济环境不好,收入降低,帮助大家回归理性。\n7.用户视角\n单商品购买个人的认知是有一个前提假设:价格敏感人群单次成交的商品中位数接近于1,同时结合拼多多的玩法来看,多个商品下单之后不好发起拼单,所以单个商品的购买更符合拼多多的玩法和人群特质。\n购物车清单是PC时代的逻辑,平台希望消费者买更多,好处是复购。单品购买是手机上放大随机消费决策因素,产品更简单更聚焦,成交更快更无感(尤其是开通免密支付之后)。就是一个是平台和商业视角出发,一个是用户视角出发。\n\n据说黄峥说过:“好的公司买的产品大致上可以分为两种:失去的恐惧和得到的惊喜”。看下百亿补贴这个低价曲线的UI,算是把失去的恐惧和得到的惊喜表达的很明白了。\n基于对用户需求的深刻理解,拼多多的创新玩法主要就体现在四个字上:简单粗暴。比如百亿补贴就是直接降价、无需满减。再比如拼多多从公众号小程序开始就特别在意促活,跟新闻客户端一样有事没事发个push,刷展示刷推荐。\n这些游戏化设计的结果之一,就是电商渗透率和成熟用户的频次提升,覆盖到微信支付里众多还没有被电商服务好的人群,吸引来更多产业带的工厂加入。\n8.大牌与拼多多\n至于大品牌商家是否愿意也与拼多多合作,看似新经济和传统经济的冲突,其实质是成本与效率的博弈。当效率大于成本的时候,自然就会有合作的可能性。哪怕品牌不愿意合作,经销商也会来合作。拼多多把苹果卖的很便宜,但是不影响苹果的高端心智。\n特斯拉认为拼多多是在侵犯他的合法权益的出发点在于:特斯拉不仅是个生产厂家,同时他也是个销售网络,而且只有直营。在特斯拉直营店之外出现的特斯拉销售渠道都是跟特斯拉官方直营渠道的竞争,所以特斯拉要严控渠道体系。\n是不是很像小米起家那几年,只做官方电商直销,不要线下渠道,也不跟其他电商平台合作。因为小米网本身就是电商。\n但说到底,哪个渠道能卖货,品牌商就必须照顾。渠道就是阵地,你不去占领,你的对手就会去占领,小米后来也会跟天猫京东拼多多合作。而且大品牌也不是刻意要高溢价,许多是因为品牌花了很多的成本,而不是刻意卖贵。\n另外那些强溢价的大牌,会着重考虑商品的辐射人群。比如TCL的75寸彩电可以在拼多多卖的很好,但是Sony的43寸不一定能在拼多多卖的好。在当前阶段,强溢价品牌还会去选择更匹配的渠道。\n但除了部分有核心技术门槛的商品外,大部分快消品里,大品牌和小品牌的差异直观体现是品牌溢价。一样的东西我价格高20%,这20%我再拿出15%去做营销投放,这是个循环,这也是以前品牌广告存在的价值,做心智植入。\n品牌心智和低价是两个模型,拼多多需要强势品牌做增长、提升和改善,但拼多多认为低价心智才是最好的心智。\n中国是贴牌大国。上市后黄峥曾谈及对品牌的看法,“品牌是一代一代的。什么叫大牌?在中国人脑子当中进口的都是大牌,但是这个应该要得到改变了,那是上一个时代的产物,凭什么中国造了30年的东西还被叫山寨呢?为什么中国的东西就不能叫大牌呢?”\n9.流量逻辑VS爆款逻辑\n淘宝与天猫是购物中心的概念,流量来自货品的聚合,海量的商品,带来对应的流量。人找货的逻辑。\n拼多多是低价拼购,是用户去找用户的团购逻辑,货品不靠丰富,而依靠尖货的数量。品类是非计划性购买,人找人和货找人的逻辑。因为在这过程里面,本身效率高,\n同样来自上文那位商家的分享,“天猫有个阿⾥妈妈,⾥⾯有各式各样的营销⼯具,商家要花钱买流量和友军竞争,否则排名就会掉下去。⼤家可以到⽹上搜 “淘宝开⻋” 讲的就是商家们要不断烧钱买直通⻋,这部分的流量营销费⽤⾮常之多,在⼀些品类上甚⾄可能会占到成本的25%到30%。如果你为了⾏销,就得花掉25%的成本来买流量,你⾃然只能给到消费95折的价格,不然你就是亏本的。”\n拼多多当前是典型的以⽤户为中⼼的流量分发机制,简单来说就是低价爆款。你去烧钱投⼴告的效果,可能还不如直接降价1块钱。你去研究竞价排名的⼴告,还不如专⼼打磨⼀个爆款、⼀个低价的爆款冲出销量。\n拼多多的逻辑是价格越低流量就越高,营销的费用就会少,商家就把打广告的钱用在了给消费者降价。\n淘宝是逛,拼多多是省,多快好省四个字里面省字最重要,高过其他三项所有。黄峥自己也说,拼多多和淘宝的模式有本质不同。\n“淘宝是流量逻辑,主体是搜索,用户要自己去找商品,所以需要海量SKU来满足长尾需求;拼多多代表的是匹配,推荐商品给消费者,SKU有限,但要满足结构性丰富。\n淘宝一直倡导C2B但做不起来,就是因为淘宝的千人千面相当于个性化搜索,但搜索本身是长尾的,你就很难做反向定制。而拼多多是把海量流量集中到有限商品里,有了规模之后再反向定制,从而极大降低成本。这也是沃尔玛和costco的差别,拼多多的终极定位就是针对不同的人群做不同的costco。”\n10.短促突击\n拼多多补贴3C换GMV,补贴新客(带着偏见的一二线城市用户)换增长,补贴获客换LTV,一部分被阿里生态挤出来的需求被拼多多满足了,打法非常奏效。\n但阿里流量成本太高不方便跟,而且这里还有两个问题:\n一是当你自己拥有足够大的3C用户后,你从外面能吸的有限,这时候补贴其实是在自己吃自己;\n二是阿里上的3C,现在都是品牌商为主,品牌商是不愿意这样伤害定价体系的。京东补图书,书是从批发市场进的,出版社管不到;现在拼多多上的3C商家,多不是品牌商或大经销商,一个逻辑。\n梁宁在2015年发过篇文章,“寸劲寸进--读《论短促突击》”。堡垒对堡垒,正面战,对手兵力十倍于你,对小家伙那是送死的打法。唯一的出路,是短促突击。要在狭小的空间里,与敌贴身时发力。\n就像当年红军长征,走大路就被敌人追上干掉了,只能去走别人不愿走走不了的小路野路。\n补贴是典型的后发者策略,小代价换竞对的大流血,培养用户心智,吸收对手的行业势能最后让大品牌商进来把你当成营销阵地。所以特斯拉这件事情,闹得越大,对拼多多越有利,因为是拼多多在变现吸收特斯拉的行业势能。\n但拼多多这个打法,要算好两个事。第一是对手没法全跟,第二一开始供货要避开品牌商,也就是对方的资产或盟友。拼多多最初补贴的3C商家,既不是品牌商,也不是跟着阿里成长起来的那批老牌线上经销商。第一家出来站拼多多的品牌商是格兰仕,原本在天猫量就不大。\n短促出击,这是一种根据总体兵力、火力为弱势情况下,结合复杂地形及战况,尽量集中兵力、火力在局部形成反击优势,继而以防守反击模式展开突击作战的战术。","news_type":1},"isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":1194,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":0,"langContent":"CN","totalScore":0},{"id":945741316,"gmtCreate":1596695203335,"gmtModify":1704213213018,"author":{"id":"3490342400693369","authorId":"3490342400693369","name":"山水庄园高小琴","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/f5b5e8a76de3728fc33b011dc46cfb23","crmLevel":1,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"followedFlag":false,"authorIdStr":"3490342400693369","idStr":"3490342400693369"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"<a 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