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Candlestick charting point out that any patterns occurring in bar charts (cup with handle, head and shoulder, triangle, and so forth) are also identifiable in candlestick charts. The reverse is also true: Any pattern that can be identified in candlestick charts can be seen in bar charts. However, traditional technical analysis references do not illustrate nor explain candlestick patterns, although they go into great detail on bar pattern analysis. BULLISH - ENGULFING PATTERN At first glance it may look like an outside day, but that is misleading. In a bar chart outside day, the range of the second day exceeds the range of the first day. In the candle pattern, only the range of the open/close is relevant. This is a very bullish pattern and often needs no confirmation. It follows a downtrend and signifies the beginning of a reversal. BEARISH - ENGULFING PATTERN This is the bearish counterpart of the bullish engulfing pattern. Occurring in an uptrend, it forecasts a bearish reversal. BULLISH - MORNING STAR This is another bullish reversal pattern. Following a downtrend, the star (second day) indicates a potential bottom; therefore, a bullish reversal. If the star is a doji (see below), this becomes a more significant pattern. The third-day open bar confirms the reversal. A gap before and after the star is a more bullish pattern. BEARISH - EVENING STAR This is the bearish counterpart of the morning star. Following an uptrend, it forecasts a bearish reversal. The same comment applies if the second day is a doji and if there are gaps. BULLISH - PIERCING LINE Another bullish reversal pattern. The second day opens lower than the previous day's low but closes above the midpoint of the previous day's open/close range. This is one of the few patterns that uses the high/low range rather than the close/open range. BEARISH - DARK CLOUD COVER This is the bearish counterpart of the piercing line. The second day opens above the previous day's high but closes below the midpoint of the previous day's open/close range. This pattern also uses the high/ low range. DOJI This pattern is the same in both systems. It denotes indecision — a possible turning point. The stock opens, then may have a wide or narrow range above or below the open, then closes at the open price. It can, therefore, be bullish or bearish, depending on whether it occurs in an uptrend (bearish) or a downtrend (bullish). A double doji (two adjacent dojis) implies a very forceful breakout following the indecision. Example Candlestick chart with the patterns identified. It is the same chart, but with bars replacing the candlesticks. Point A, a bearish engulfing pattern emerges immediately after a hanging man, which is another bearish reversal. A minor downturn follows. At point B, a bullish engulfing pattern signals a possible upturn, which then occurs. Shortly into the upturn we find an evening star at point C, which is followed by a downturn. The next pattern, at point D, is a morning star where the star is a doji and, as expected, another upturn is soon under way.