深度 | 美国核聚变巨大突破，为什么很重要？_老虎社区_美港股上老虎

深度 | 美国核聚变巨大突破，为什么很重要？

纽约时间2022-12-14

据纽约华人资讯网综合报道，美国能源部的科学家们在核聚变方面取得了突破。有史以来第一次，实验室的研究人员从聚变反应中产生的能量高于开始这个过程时消耗的能量。总收益约为150%。美国能源部长詹妮弗·格兰霍姆在新闻发布会上说：“美国取得了巨大的科学突破。”这项成就来自美国国家点火装置（National Ignition Facility, NIF），这是加州劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室（Lawrence ...

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NotAny
·2022-12-14
只是激光能量输入后产出的能力比超过1而已。相当于用100块钱把一块钱的硬币送了进去，然后输出了一块多的钱。也相当于一个大突破了。
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- Sentosa:
  已阅
  2022-12-19
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- 物农启梦:
  👌🏻
  2022-12-19
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- andylaufox:
  good
  2022-12-19
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iAm22
·2022-12-14
E＝MC² 完成了！以后都是超人！
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william12345
·2022-12-14
美国人类的希望
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- 股海么么哒:
  也是人类的灾难
  2022-12-14
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君涵
·2022-12-14
国家点火装置为了不被砍项目也是拼了。这有一定的进步，但没有计算整个实验环节过程中，为了设置这个实验环境和维护这个实验环境所消耗的外部能量。输入和输出要持续稳定的保持在1:7~1:8以上才有商用价值。
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- 正气的猫:
  [无语]
  2022-12-14
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- 奇思异想:
  [愤怒]
  2022-12-14
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- zhihuaya:
  [无语]
  2022-12-14
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今虎
·2022-12-14
中科大要加油了啊
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amelie
·2022-12-14
里程碑的突破！
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蓝色远方6
·2022-12-14
60年的研究[强]
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捕风_0064
·2022-12-14
emmmm之前也有一次突破的报道，后来似乎不了了之了，记得是13年
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- touhouM1:
  那一定是骗经费的
  2022-12-15
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Roulstone）说，“我认为这个成果非常了不起，但仍存在许多工程障碍。我们真的不知道发电厂会是什么样子。”按照这样的速度，核聚变发电对拜登政府来说还不够快，拜登政府正寻求到2050年将美国的温室气体净排放量降至零——专家表示，为了避免气候变化的最坏影响，必须实现这一目标。核聚变最终可能会点亮你的灯，帮助你结束对化石燃料的依赖。以下是你需要了解的关于这种新形式的核能的信息。什么是核聚变？为什么它很重要？长期以来，聚变能激发了核科学家和工程师的想象力。核聚变复制的能量与太阳提供能力的过程相同。当两个或多个原子融合成一个更大的原子时，就会发生核聚变，这一过程会以热的形式产生大量的能量。几十年来，世界各地的科学家一直在研究核聚变，希望用一种新的能源来重新创造核聚变，这种能源可以提供无限的、无碳的能源，而不像目前的核反应堆那样产生核废料。核聚变项目主要使用氘和氚两种元素，它们都是氢的同位素。一杯水中的氘，加上一点氚，可以为一所房子提供一年的电力。氚更稀有，获取起来也更困难，尽管它可以通过人工合成获得。“与煤炭不同，你只需要少量的氢，而氢是宇宙中发现的最丰富的东西，”Carbon Direct首席科学家、劳伦斯利弗莫尔前首席能源技术专家胡里奥·弗里德曼告诉CNN。“氢存在于水中，所以产生这种能量的物质是无限的，而且是清洁的。”核聚变和核裂变有什么不同？美国能源部对于核裂变（图左）和核聚变给出了一个简单的对比。简单来说，聚变更安全、更高效，使用材料更简单易得。一提到核能，人们就会想到冷却塔和蘑菇云。但是核聚变是完全不同的。核聚变将两个或两个以上的原子融合在一起，而裂变则相反，它是把一个较大的原子分裂成两个或多个较小的原子的过程。核裂变是当今世界各地为核反应堆提供动力的一种能源。和核聚变一样，原子分裂产生的热量也被用来产生能量。根据美国能源部的说法，核裂变也是零排放的能源。但它会产生挥发性放射性废物，必须安全储存，并存在安全风险。核熔毁虽然罕见，但在历史上也曾发生过，造成广泛而致命的后果，比如福岛和切尔诺贝利反应堆。核聚变不会带来同样的安全风险，而且用于核聚变的材料的半衰期比裂变短得多。核聚变能源最终如何点亮你家里的灯？产生核聚变的方法主要有两种，但结果都是一样的。两个原子的聚变会产生巨大的热量，这是产生能量的关键。这些热量可以用来加热水，产生蒸汽，转动涡轮机来发电，就像核裂变产生能量一样。利用核聚变能源的最大挑战是将其维持足够长的时间，以便为全球的电网和供暖系统供电。美国的成功突破是一件大事，但它的规模仍然远远小于产生足够的能量来运行一个发电厂，更不用说成千上万的发电厂了。伦敦帝国理工学院惯性聚变研究中心联合主任杰里米·奇滕登（Jeremy Chittenden）说：“这次产生的能量相当于烧开10壶水。为了把它变成一个发电站，我们需要获得更多的能源，我们需要多得多的能源。”为什么这次突破很重要？这是科学家们首次成功地制造出一种能获得净能量的核聚变反应。虽然在商业上可行之前还有很多步骤，但科学家们必须证明他们可以创造出比开始时更多的能量。否则，开发它就没有多大意义了。弗里德曼在接受CNN采访时表示：“这非常重要，因为从能源的角度来看，如果你释放的能量不超过你输入的能量，它就不能成为一种能源。先前的突破也很重要，但这与生产有朝一日可以大规模使用的能源是两码事。”哪些国家在研究核聚变？美国国家点火装置内部。美国、英国和欧洲有几个核聚变项目。法国是国际热核实验反应堆（ITER）的所在地，有35个国家正在进行合作，其中包括主要成员中国、美国、欧盟、俄罗斯、印度、日本和韩国。在美国，大部分工作是在加州劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室的国家点火装置进行的，该实验室的建筑面积有三个足球场那么大，十层楼高，是世界上最强大的激光系统。国家点火装置项目通过所谓的“热核惯性聚变”从核聚变中产生能量。在实践中，科学家将192束激光束瞄准一个由黄金和贫铀制成的微型圆柱体，圆柱体里面是一个比胡椒粒还小的钻石胶囊。这个胶囊就是魔法发生的地方——它充满了氢的两种同位素，它们融合在一起时可以释放出惊人的能量。系统基本上以每秒50次的速度制造出一系列极快、重复的爆炸。当激光射向目标时，它们会产生X射线，在几分之一秒内蒸发钻石。钻石毁坏产生的冲击波粉碎氢原子，使它们融合并释放能量。从中子和粒子中收集的能量以热的形式被提取出来。国家点火装置于2009年首次开放，但其最初的激光束撞击远未达到预期。目标中的氢未能“点燃”，一直是到了2021年8月，经过多年缓慢但稳定的进展，物理学家终于点燃了胶囊内的氢气，产生了可以自我维持的燃烧。这个过程类似于点燃汽油，罗切斯特大学激光能量学实验室的首席科学家里卡尔多·贝提（Riccardo Betti）说：“从一个小火花开始，然后火花变得越来越大，然后燃烧蔓延开来。”在英国和法国的ITER项目中，科学家们正在使用巨大的甜甜圈形状的机器，上面装有被称为托卡马克（tokamak）的巨型磁铁，试图产生同样的结果。下一步是什么？科学家和专家们现在需要弄清楚如何在更大的范围内从核聚变中产生更多的能量。与此同时，他们需要弄清楚如何最终降低核聚变的成本，以便将其用于商业用途。奇滕登说：“目前，我们为每一个实验都花费了大量的时间和金钱。我们需要大幅降低成本。”科学家还需要收集核聚变产生的能量，并将其转化为电能输送到电网。核聚变技术要想生产出无限量的清洁能源，还需要数年甚至数十年的时间。为了在本世纪末将全球变暖控制在2.7华氏度，世界必须在2030年之前将碳排放量减少近一半——这比发展核聚变所需的时间要短得多。弗里德曼说：“这不会对未来20-30年的气候减缓做出有意义的贡献。这就是点燃火柴和建造燃气轮机的区别。”尽管如此，美国海军研究实验室的核科学家阿拉蒂·达斯古普塔（Arati 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