中华华的个人主页 - 老虎社区

中华华

中华华

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17粉丝

0主题

0勋章

2021-02-03

白银这波能涨多少？

2020-12-24

定投小米是赢家

2021-05-21

比特币能封控吗？

2020-12-31

抄底阿里巴巴

2020-10-31

$特斯拉(TSLA)$涨

2021-06-23

比特币触底反弹？

2021-06-23

比特币下步一直向上

2021-04-22

特斯拉刹车有问题吗？

2020-11-23

苹果再好我不用，我用华为

为什么说苹果M1芯片开启了一个新时代

2020-10-29

好玩吧

@话题虎:【话题】今夜美股四大科技巨头“谷/苹/亚/脸”发布财报！你最看好谁？

2021-05-28

今天加密数字货币跌太多了

2021-05-11

选择合适的主题

2021-04-12

阿里天价处罚落地

2021-04-11

阿里巴巴被罚

2021-04-02

关注深所两板合并

2021-03-29

基金的清仓令华尔街草木皆兵

2021-03-14

比特币又涨上来了！

2021-01-29

你可能要发的图片

2020-12-10

信用卡业务会取代吗？

2020-11-24

恒大造车荒诞故事

抱歉，原内容已删除

去老虎APP查看更多动态

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Pro和MacMini。不管是发布会上公布的性能提升，还是这几天关于这几款机器的实际评测纷纷出炉，M1芯片的性能和功耗完全超出人们预期，用“颠覆”来形容也不为过。</p><p>今天的文章就来聊聊苹果的M1芯片。我想从芯片设计的角度，和大家一起看看M1芯片为何如此牛逼的三个主要原因。</p><p>芯片设计的PPA优化</p><p>在设计芯片的时候，一个最重要的原则就是对PPA的优化，也就是尽可能的优化芯片的功耗（Power）、性能（Performance）和面积（Area）。通常情况下，这三点不能兼得。</p><p>比如，为了提升芯片的性能，我们可以加入多级流水线、增加总线宽度、或者增加各种硬核处理单元，但此时就很有可能会付出更高的功耗、以及更大的芯片面积作为代价。<b>反之，如果我们想要设计低功耗的芯片，那也很有可能需要牺牲一部分芯片的性能。</b></p><p>所以在实际工程实践中，功耗、性能和面积往往都是相互折中、互相平衡的关系。<b>对于一个芯片来说，没有完美的设计，只有完美的平衡。</b>这就像给你有限的预算去买食材做菜，那就很难既买到鱼，又买到熊掌。</p><p>但是这次苹果M1芯片的发布，给人最直观的感受就是，在预算不变的情况下，你可以鱼和熊掌，两者兼得。</p><p>苹果在发布会里放出了这张图，它比较的是M1芯片和某个笔记本的CPU，但苹果没说是谁。为了方便叙述，这里姑且叫它“张三芯片”。在这张图里，横轴是功耗，纵轴是性能。可以看到，对于一个给定的功耗标准，M1的性能是张三的两倍。对于一个给定的性能要求，M1的功耗是张三的四分之一。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/166441ee4585272f3e9b48d2696a6006\" tg-width=\"884\" tg-height=\"532\"></p><p>也就是说，在高性能和低功耗这两个往往此消彼长的维度里，M1芯片同时取得了极大的提升。除了CPU之外，M1里的GPU也取得了类似的性能提升和功耗下降。苹果表示，M1有着当前世界上最好的CPU每瓦性能，以及当前世界上最快的集成显卡。</p><p>在之前的文章《英特尔11代酷睿TigerLake：全网最犀利点评》里说过，不管市场营销用什么话术，跑分永远是不可能被绕开的一关。虽然苹果官方没说跑分的事情，但是各类评测已经给出了相当高的跑分结果。</p><p>从Geekbench的跑分来看，这次搭载了M1芯片的三款产品，不管单核还是多核，都跑出了相当高的分数：</p><blockquote><ul><li><p>Mac Mini: 1682 / 7097</p></li><li><p>MacBook Air: 1687 / 7433</p></li><li><p>MacBook Pro: 1714 / 6802</p></li></ul></blockquote><p>事实上，它们的单核跑分都超过了AMD刚刚发布的锐龙9 5950X，也超过了英特尔的TigerLake旗舰版，也就是11代酷睿的i7-1165G7。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/40e784280c4062214e887291976ad06e\" tg-width=\"796\" tg-height=\"280\"></p><p>此外，这三款产品的单核和多核跑分也超过了目前正在卖的2019款16寸MacBook Pro。也就是说，单从CPU的跑分来看，这个新款的macbook air比苹果去年刚刚发布的旗舰笔记本还要快了。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/6f377f93b0c70e8f6c6163eaae0ba344\" tg-width=\"1000\" tg-height=\"527\"></p><p>不仅是性能，搭载M1芯片的笔记本续航时间也有了大幅提升，最高可以达到20小时。</p><p>在我看来，M1芯片取得如此巨大的能效提升，主要有三个原因：<b>一个是使用了5纳米工艺，第二个是一些芯片架构创新，第三个则是软硬件的深度优化，接下来我们一个一个说。</b></p><p>台积电5纳米工艺</p><p>制造工艺这一点，很多文章都没有提及，或是没有重视。事实上，先进工艺对于芯片的能效提升，起着非常重要的作用。因为过去十年里芯片性能的提升，有超过60%直接或间接受益于半导体工艺的提升，而只有17%来自于芯片架构的升级。<b>AMD能“弯道超车”英特尔的最主要原因之一，就是抛弃格罗方德，转向台积电的怀抱。</b></p><p>M1应该是目前世界上第一个、也是唯一一个使用了台积电5纳米工艺的笔记本处理器芯片，其中包含了160亿支晶体管。根据台积电的数据，和前一代的7纳米工艺相比，使用5纳米工艺制造的晶体管：<b>密度提升80%，速度提升15%，功耗降低30%。</b>有了新的制造工艺，可以在芯片面积保持不变的情况下，往一颗芯片里塞进去更多的晶体管，而且这些晶体管的功耗更低、性能更高。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/fcf846086fee52890dbf12158817cea7\" tg-width=\"1000\" tg-height=\"469\"></p><p>台积电工艺路线图（图片来自WikiChip）</p><p>也就是说，即使苹果什么都不做，单纯把A13芯片用5纳米工艺流片出来，理想情况下就能达到这些“免费”的性能、功耗和面积优化。当然实际情况要比这个复杂很多。</p><p>要知道，2019款16寸MacBook Pro用的还是英特尔的第九代CPU，使用的是英特尔14纳米工艺，这和台积电的5纳米工艺至少有两代的代差。所以也这也不难理解为什么从跑分来看，搭载M1的MacBook Air会降维打击16寸MacBook Pro。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/bbf0c9b1853a5627d0f48270a4a4675a\" tg-width=\"845\" tg-height=\"514\"></p><p>苹果M1封装图（图片来自苹果）</p><p>芯片架构创新</p><p>这里特别要说的是苹果的UMA结构，也就是这次展示的统一内存架构。设计芯片的一个大的原则就是，存储数据的地方离使用数据的地方越近，性能就越高、功耗也越低。所以苹果就把原本在电路板上的内存颗粒，整合到芯片的封装里。</p><p>这样最主要的好处就是让芯片上的那些CPU、GPU、AI引擎都能够更快的访问到内存，同时也大幅降低了数据传输的功耗。此外，各个模块之间可以共享内存，也省去了很多数据搬运、拷贝的开销。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/d970cbec4f5abbf846e99a3a9cfbfd41\" tg-width=\"765\" tg-height=\"523\"></p><p>苹果UMA结构示意图（图片来自苹果）</p><p>值得注意的是，这种架构设计和封装方法其实并非苹果独有，其实在英伟达的A100GPU、AMD的Rome处理器，还有英特尔和赛灵思的高端FPGA芯片里，都使用了类似的方法，可以在同一个芯片封装里集成了多个不同的计算和存储单元。</p><p>这种封装方式的具体的实现方式有很多种，比如AMD使用的芯粒chiplets，还有英特尔的EMIB技术，还有赛灵思在FPGA中使用的SSI，也就是堆叠硅片互联技术等等。业界把这些技术都称为是2.5D封装技术，也就是是在水平方向上连接多个小硅片，然后组成一个大的芯片。关于EMIB和SSI技术的具体分析，可以看之前写过的这两篇文章《3D FPGA技术——上篇》《3D FPGA技术——下篇》。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/6201d775c0063f9d633709dd7574f68d\" tg-width=\"1000\" tg-height=\"469\"></p><p>EMIB结构示意图（图片来自英特尔）</p><p>这里多提一句，英特尔还有一个名叫Foveros的3D封装技术。Foveros来自于希腊语，本意是“牛逼”。这个技术不是在水平方向上扩展，而是垂直扩展。</p><p><b>也就是说，它可以将内存颗粒、CPU、GPU、还有其他的芯片单元，像三明治一样叠在一起</b>，这样就使得内存和CPU的距离减少到0.1毫米左右，所以会进一步增加内存带宽、减少传输延时，同时不会增加芯片的面积。</p><p>在英特尔的Lakefiled CPU里就使用了这种技术。关于Foveros技术的更多内容，也可以看一下之前的文章《2019年会是10纳米工艺的大年吗》。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/7907a5995f3310e7112b91ba23b57cab\" tg-width=\"1000\" tg-height=\"563\"></p><p>Foveros 3D封装示意图（图片来自英特尔）</p><p>苹果生态的协同优化</p><p>苹果的M1芯片取得能效大幅提升的第三个原因，就是苹果软硬件的协同深度优化，这一点我认为也是苹果最大的竞争优势。这是因为，前面说的5纳米工艺，或者芯片架构和封装技术的升级，其他厂商可能也会（或者必然会）掌握和采用这些技术。但是只有结合软硬件、操作系统和生态做深度优化，才是苹果独有的。而且这也是为什么有且只有苹果能将基于arm架构的CPU真正做成牛逼的产品卖出来的原因。</p><p>有人说，苹果的M1芯片的面世证明了Wintel联盟并不难破，这一点我并不认同。基于arm架构的消费级CPU已经说了很多很多年了，但放眼目前除苹果之外的软硬件厂商有谁能堪此大任呢？英特尔amd肯定不会做这种自废武功的事情，不用多说，微软之前尝试过做一下基于arm的生态，但是以失败告终。那么是让联想、戴尔去做arm笔记本，还是让高通英伟达这些非cpu厂商去做生态呢，其实目前来看都是很不现实的。</p><p>关于软硬件协同优化这一点我很认同某乎大v木头龙的回答，大家可以去看一下。只要pc的软硬件厂商还是各自为战，只要不同的软硬件还需要相互兼容和适配，不管是操作系统、开发工具、驱动、CPU、GPU、内存等等，这个生态系统就很难破解。生态系统有时候就像一个从山顶滚落的雪球，你一旦被他卷进去就很难靠自己的力量逃脱，更不用说靠一己之力改变它的运行轨迹。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/482a4ca3987be476a99304f1bde00499\" tg-width=\"1000\" tg-height=\"606\"></p><p>相比之下，苹果有着自己的生态，这次M1芯片的发布，也正式完成了这个生态的闭环。你可以说苹果生态太封闭，或者有这样那样的问题，但只有这种封闭的生态才有可能产生像M1芯片这样的东西。</p><p>从Anandtech的这张图里就能看到，在过去的5年里，英特尔芯片的单线程性能提升了28%，而苹果则提升了将近3倍。所以，苹果采用自研的Apple Silicon芯片，也是必然的选择。</p><p><img src=\"https://static.tigerbbs.com/6520814899bbca8ba6e8ec44b5858f23\" tg-width=\"678\" tg-height=\"732\"></p><p>（图片来自AnadTech）</p><p>但是，与英特尔AMD不同的是，你不可能单独去买这个M1芯片。为了使用M1的高能效，就必须买苹果的整个生态。而且即使像苹果这样的闭环生态，全面转向arm架构也需要两年的时间，这里面会涉及大量的生态迁移工作，也势必会给开发者造成很多额外的工作压力。所以这个生态转换并不容易。</p><p>结语</p><p>苹果M1芯片的发布，也代表着基于arm架构的消费级处理器重新登上历史舞台，并且开始正面迎击基于x86架构的传统处理器。虽然目前说x86架构被arm取代还为时尚早，但在很多领域，比如mac电脑擅长的视频和图像等内容创作领域，M1芯片已经正式颠覆了人们对高能效的认知。相信随着更多后续产品的出现，会有更多的颠覆发生。同时，x86阵营如何应战，也是非常值得关注的重点。</p>","source":"lsy1594712990594","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,minimum-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no\"/>\n<meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no,email=no,address=no\" />\n<title>为什么说苹果M1芯片开启了一个新时代</title>\n<style 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margin: 0;line-height: 11px;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\n为什么说苹果M1芯片开启了一个新时代\n</h2>\n\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n\n\n2020-11-20 15:30 北京时间&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU5MTgwNjIyMg==&mid=2247486126&idx=1&sn=7f820981a3562db3ac8e8abcfde96b97&chksm=fe2820cfc95fa9d9ca4456df5112959b067531a8bfa66f6f19da69f91ee6d99531fc4cc6bdab&mpshare=1&scene=1&srcid=1120Een8c4EvhaMsuQctMpqf&sharer_sharetime=1605855808953&sharer_shareid=7f708c6bc34f09f833d7815bcf0209b2&key=175f31412f03f785de5167039aff498cbf662387e540c71b8729fac5f10d8db5d0d13956727514499276eeec27630cc0c2ea8ca0dfec59261a615184f7daa2280a3412fd3b012ddf62f3b475d7bf90b7ceb57a7604d418036fec8de1269f3ccfb80a2834d8cd09c0f84f6e4e30f701817c33b3711b6bb349d6c02aa53c9a421f&ascene=1&uin=MjIzNjQwMjgyMA%3D%3D&devicetype=Windows+10+x64&version=63000039&lang=zh_CN&exportkey=CFYozmiAJCr930YLehtW%2BVo%3D&pass_ticket=Cevu1Gdg3YPjr%2Fr0g%2FbO6zhZ0NspLnQ9A37mLYg8mn0vv63X1%2FpB4b1tM7lH5Loa&wx_header=0><strong> 老石谈芯</strong></a>\n\n\n</h4>\n\n</header>\n<article>\n<div>\n<p>11月11日，苹果今年的发布会三部曲终于落下了帷幕。这场压轴大戏上，发布了苹果自研芯片Apple Silicon的第一代产品：M1芯片。首批搭载M1芯片的Mac机器共有三款：MacBook Air、13寸MacBook Pro和MacMini。不管是发布会上公布的性能提升，还是这几天关于这几款机器的实际评测纷纷出炉，M1芯片的性能和功耗完全超出人们预期，用“颠覆”来形容也不为过。今天的文章就来聊聊...</p>\n\n<a href=\"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU5MTgwNjIyMg==&mid=2247486126&idx=1&sn=7f820981a3562db3ac8e8abcfde96b97&chksm=fe2820cfc95fa9d9ca4456df5112959b067531a8bfa66f6f19da69f91ee6d99531fc4cc6bdab&mpshare=1&scene=1&srcid=1120Een8c4EvhaMsuQctMpqf&sharer_sharetime=1605855808953&sharer_shareid=7f708c6bc34f09f833d7815bcf0209b2&key=175f31412f03f785de5167039aff498cbf662387e540c71b8729fac5f10d8db5d0d13956727514499276eeec27630cc0c2ea8ca0dfec59261a615184f7daa2280a3412fd3b012ddf62f3b475d7bf90b7ceb57a7604d418036fec8de1269f3ccfb80a2834d8cd09c0f84f6e4e30f701817c33b3711b6bb349d6c02aa53c9a421f&ascene=1&uin=MjIzNjQwMjgyMA%3D%3D&devicetype=Windows+10+x64&version=63000039&lang=zh_CN&exportkey=CFYozmiAJCr930YLehtW%2BVo%3D&pass_ticket=Cevu1Gdg3YPjr%2Fr0g%2FbO6zhZ0NspLnQ9A37mLYg8mn0vv63X1%2FpB4b1tM7lH5Loa&wx_header=0\">Web Link</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/052d0d3a6389985cf72883e9c3047ae4","relate_stocks":{"AAPL":"苹果"},"source_url":"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU5MTgwNjIyMg==&mid=2247486126&idx=1&sn=7f820981a3562db3ac8e8abcfde96b97&chksm=fe2820cfc95fa9d9ca4456df5112959b067531a8bfa66f6f19da69f91ee6d99531fc4cc6bdab&mpshare=1&scene=1&srcid=1120Een8c4EvhaMsuQctMpqf&sharer_sharetime=1605855808953&sharer_shareid=7f708c6bc34f09f833d7815bcf0209b2&key=175f31412f03f785de5167039aff498cbf662387e540c71b8729fac5f10d8db5d0d13956727514499276eeec27630cc0c2ea8ca0dfec59261a615184f7daa2280a3412fd3b012ddf62f3b475d7bf90b7ceb57a7604d418036fec8de1269f3ccfb80a2834d8cd09c0f84f6e4e30f701817c33b3711b6bb349d6c02aa53c9a421f&ascene=1&uin=MjIzNjQwMjgyMA%3D%3D&devicetype=Windows+10+x64&version=63000039&lang=zh_CN&exportkey=CFYozmiAJCr930YLehtW%2BVo%3D&pass_ticket=Cevu1Gdg3YPjr%2Fr0g%2FbO6zhZ0NspLnQ9A37mLYg8mn0vv63X1%2FpB4b1tM7lH5Loa&wx_header=0","is_english":false,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/e9f99090a1c2ed51c021029395664489","article_id":"1195784321","content_text":"11月11日，苹果今年的发布会三部曲终于落下了帷幕。这场压轴大戏上，发布了苹果自研芯片Apple Silicon的第一代产品：M1芯片。首批搭载M1芯片的Mac机器共有三款：MacBook Air、13寸MacBook Pro和MacMini。不管是发布会上公布的性能提升，还是这几天关于这几款机器的实际评测纷纷出炉，M1芯片的性能和功耗完全超出人们预期，用“颠覆”来形容也不为过。今天的文章就来聊聊苹果的M1芯片。我想从芯片设计的角度，和大家一起看看M1芯片为何如此牛逼的三个主要原因。芯片设计的PPA优化在设计芯片的时候，一个最重要的原则就是对PPA的优化，也就是尽可能的优化芯片的功耗（Power）、性能（Performance）和面积（Area）。通常情况下，这三点不能兼得。比如，为了提升芯片的性能，我们可以加入多级流水线、增加总线宽度、或者增加各种硬核处理单元，但此时就很有可能会付出更高的功耗、以及更大的芯片面积作为代价。反之，如果我们想要设计低功耗的芯片，那也很有可能需要牺牲一部分芯片的性能。所以在实际工程实践中，功耗、性能和面积往往都是相互折中、互相平衡的关系。对于一个芯片来说，没有完美的设计，只有完美的平衡。这就像给你有限的预算去买食材做菜，那就很难既买到鱼，又买到熊掌。但是这次苹果M1芯片的发布，给人最直观的感受就是，在预算不变的情况下，你可以鱼和熊掌，两者兼得。苹果在发布会里放出了这张图，它比较的是M1芯片和某个笔记本的CPU，但苹果没说是谁。为了方便叙述，这里姑且叫它“张三芯片”。在这张图里，横轴是功耗，纵轴是性能。可以看到，对于一个给定的功耗标准，M1的性能是张三的两倍。对于一个给定的性能要求，M1的功耗是张三的四分之一。也就是说，在高性能和低功耗这两个往往此消彼长的维度里，M1芯片同时取得了极大的提升。除了CPU之外，M1里的GPU也取得了类似的性能提升和功耗下降。苹果表示，M1有着当前世界上最好的CPU每瓦性能，以及当前世界上最快的集成显卡。在之前的文章《英特尔11代酷睿TigerLake：全网最犀利点评》里说过，不管市场营销用什么话术，跑分永远是不可能被绕开的一关。虽然苹果官方没说跑分的事情，但是各类评测已经给出了相当高的跑分结果。从Geekbench的跑分来看，这次搭载了M1芯片的三款产品，不管单核还是多核，都跑出了相当高的分数：Mac Mini: 1682 / 7097MacBook Air: 1687 / 7433MacBook Pro: 1714 / 6802事实上，它们的单核跑分都超过了AMD刚刚发布的锐龙9 5950X，也超过了英特尔的TigerLake旗舰版，也就是11代酷睿的i7-1165G7。此外，这三款产品的单核和多核跑分也超过了目前正在卖的2019款16寸MacBook Pro。也就是说，单从CPU的跑分来看，这个新款的macbook air比苹果去年刚刚发布的旗舰笔记本还要快了。不仅是性能，搭载M1芯片的笔记本续航时间也有了大幅提升，最高可以达到20小时。在我看来，M1芯片取得如此巨大的能效提升，主要有三个原因：一个是使用了5纳米工艺，第二个是一些芯片架构创新，第三个则是软硬件的深度优化，接下来我们一个一个说。台积电5纳米工艺制造工艺这一点，很多文章都没有提及，或是没有重视。事实上，先进工艺对于芯片的能效提升，起着非常重要的作用。因为过去十年里芯片性能的提升，有超过60%直接或间接受益于半导体工艺的提升，而只有17%来自于芯片架构的升级。AMD能“弯道超车”英特尔的最主要原因之一，就是抛弃格罗方德，转向台积电的怀抱。M1应该是目前世界上第一个、也是唯一一个使用了台积电5纳米工艺的笔记本处理器芯片，其中包含了160亿支晶体管。根据台积电的数据，和前一代的7纳米工艺相比，使用5纳米工艺制造的晶体管：密度提升80%，速度提升15%，功耗降低30%。有了新的制造工艺，可以在芯片面积保持不变的情况下，往一颗芯片里塞进去更多的晶体管，而且这些晶体管的功耗更低、性能更高。台积电工艺路线图（图片来自WikiChip）也就是说，即使苹果什么都不做，单纯把A13芯片用5纳米工艺流片出来，理想情况下就能达到这些“免费”的性能、功耗和面积优化。当然实际情况要比这个复杂很多。要知道，2019款16寸MacBook Pro用的还是英特尔的第九代CPU，使用的是英特尔14纳米工艺，这和台积电的5纳米工艺至少有两代的代差。所以也这也不难理解为什么从跑分来看，搭载M1的MacBook Air会降维打击16寸MacBook Pro。苹果M1封装图（图片来自苹果）芯片架构创新这里特别要说的是苹果的UMA结构，也就是这次展示的统一内存架构。设计芯片的一个大的原则就是，存储数据的地方离使用数据的地方越近，性能就越高、功耗也越低。所以苹果就把原本在电路板上的内存颗粒，整合到芯片的封装里。这样最主要的好处就是让芯片上的那些CPU、GPU、AI引擎都能够更快的访问到内存，同时也大幅降低了数据传输的功耗。此外，各个模块之间可以共享内存，也省去了很多数据搬运、拷贝的开销。苹果UMA结构示意图（图片来自苹果）值得注意的是，这种架构设计和封装方法其实并非苹果独有，其实在英伟达的A100GPU、AMD的Rome处理器，还有英特尔和赛灵思的高端FPGA芯片里，都使用了类似的方法，可以在同一个芯片封装里集成了多个不同的计算和存储单元。这种封装方式的具体的实现方式有很多种，比如AMD使用的芯粒chiplets，还有英特尔的EMIB技术，还有赛灵思在FPGA中使用的SSI，也就是堆叠硅片互联技术等等。业界把这些技术都称为是2.5D封装技术，也就是是在水平方向上连接多个小硅片，然后组成一个大的芯片。关于EMIB和SSI技术的具体分析，可以看之前写过的这两篇文章《3D FPGA技术——上篇》《3D FPGA技术——下篇》。EMIB结构示意图（图片来自英特尔）这里多提一句，英特尔还有一个名叫Foveros的3D封装技术。Foveros来自于希腊语，本意是“牛逼”。这个技术不是在水平方向上扩展，而是垂直扩展。也就是说，它可以将内存颗粒、CPU、GPU、还有其他的芯片单元，像三明治一样叠在一起，这样就使得内存和CPU的距离减少到0.1毫米左右，所以会进一步增加内存带宽、减少传输延时，同时不会增加芯片的面积。在英特尔的Lakefiled CPU里就使用了这种技术。关于Foveros技术的更多内容，也可以看一下之前的文章《2019年会是10纳米工艺的大年吗》。Foveros 3D封装示意图（图片来自英特尔）苹果生态的协同优化苹果的M1芯片取得能效大幅提升的第三个原因，就是苹果软硬件的协同深度优化，这一点我认为也是苹果最大的竞争优势。这是因为，前面说的5纳米工艺，或者芯片架构和封装技术的升级，其他厂商可能也会（或者必然会）掌握和采用这些技术。但是只有结合软硬件、操作系统和生态做深度优化，才是苹果独有的。而且这也是为什么有且只有苹果能将基于arm架构的CPU真正做成牛逼的产品卖出来的原因。有人说，苹果的M1芯片的面世证明了Wintel联盟并不难破，这一点我并不认同。基于arm架构的消费级CPU已经说了很多很多年了，但放眼目前除苹果之外的软硬件厂商有谁能堪此大任呢？英特尔amd肯定不会做这种自废武功的事情，不用多说，微软之前尝试过做一下基于arm的生态，但是以失败告终。那么是让联想、戴尔去做arm笔记本，还是让高通英伟达这些非cpu厂商去做生态呢，其实目前来看都是很不现实的。关于软硬件协同优化这一点我很认同某乎大v木头龙的回答，大家可以去看一下。只要pc的软硬件厂商还是各自为战，只要不同的软硬件还需要相互兼容和适配，不管是操作系统、开发工具、驱动、CPU、GPU、内存等等，这个生态系统就很难破解。生态系统有时候就像一个从山顶滚落的雪球，你一旦被他卷进去就很难靠自己的力量逃脱，更不用说靠一己之力改变它的运行轨迹。相比之下，苹果有着自己的生态，这次M1芯片的发布，也正式完成了这个生态的闭环。你可以说苹果生态太封闭，或者有这样那样的问题，但只有这种封闭的生态才有可能产生像M1芯片这样的东西。从Anandtech的这张图里就能看到，在过去的5年里，英特尔芯片的单线程性能提升了28%，而苹果则提升了将近3倍。所以，苹果采用自研的Apple 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