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Jarry_9777
追涨杀跌
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Jarry_9777
2022-08-09
一针见血
Shopee 衰落幕后:一家东南亚巨头的全球化乱局
Jarry_9777
2022-03-04
$Sea Ltd(SE)$
扶不起的阿斗
Jarry_9777
2022-03-01
$Sea Ltd(SE)$
今天财报,继续冲不要停
Jarry_9777
2022-02-22
$Sea Ltd(SE)$
冲啊
Jarry_9777
2021-09-06
所以?EDU要飞了?
发改委:加强义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费监管
Jarry_9777
2021-06-14
$Citius Pharmaceuticals, Inc.(CTXR)$
大佬们,看到几块?
Jarry_9777
2021-03-15
$ADiTx Therapeutics(ADTX)$
这是,要解套了?
Jarry_9777
2021-02-25
$游戏驿站(GME)$
还是不太适合赌博,一赌就输
Jarry_9777
2021-02-25
$游戏驿站(GME)$
卧槽,终于解套了
Jarry_9777
2021-02-16
$贝康医疗-B(02170)$
一壶茶一包烟,烂股盯了老半天!啥时候能起飞?????
Jarry_9777
2021-01-22
$老虎证券(TIGR)$
券都发不出来,怎么有勇气涨上去?
Jarry_9777
2021-01-21
$ADiTx Therapeutics(ADTX)$
裤衩都不剩了
Jarry_9777
2021-01-21
$四环医药(00460)$
这个股今天那么猛没人关注?
Jarry_9777
2021-01-21
$Obalon Therapeutics Inc(OBLN)$
玩了个寂寞[无语]
Jarry_9777
2021-01-21
$Obalon Therapeutics Inc(OBLN)$
还能到9么
Jarry_9777
2021-01-21
$Obalon Therapeutics Inc(OBLN)$
真是心惊肉跳,交易多次都没赚钱,还给整失眠了
Jarry_9777
2021-01-21
$Obalon Therapeutics Inc(OBLN)$
吃进去的总要吐出来🤮
Jarry_9777
2021-01-20
$Caladrius Biosciences Inc. (CLBS)$
运气太差,老是高点接盘😭
Jarry_9777
2021-01-19
$麦迪卫康(02159)$
收盘以前还能抬头么🤐
去老虎APP查看更多动态
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"individualDisplayBadges":null,"crmLevel":2,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"location":"北京","starInvestorFollowerNum":0,"starInvestorFlag":false,"starInvestorOrderShareNum":0,"subscribeStarInvestorNum":0,"ror":null,"winRationPercentage":null,"showRor":false,"investmentPhilosophy":null,"starInvestorSubscribeFlag":false},"baikeInfo":{},"tab":"post","tweets":[{"id":684055722,"gmtCreate":1660018693867,"gmtModify":1660018693867,"author":{"id":"3527212321526920","authorId":"3527212321526920","name":"Jarry_9777","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/9bd3f8721626ea0442ad11c883c6baac","crmLevel":2,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"3527212321526920","authorIdStr":"3527212321526920"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"一针见血","listText":"一针见血","text":"一针见血","images":[],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"link":"https://laohu8.com/post/684055722","repostId":"2258342035","repostType":2,"repost":{"id":"2258342035","kind":"highlight","pubTimestamp":1660016783,"share":"https://www.laohu8.com/m/news/2258342035?lang=&edition=full","pubTime":"2022-08-09 11:46","market":"sh","language":"zh","title":"Shopee 衰落幕后:一家东南亚巨头的全球化乱局","url":"https://stock-news.laohu8.com/highlight/detail?id=2258342035","media":"虎嗅","summary":"中国高管空降,新加坡员工皱起眉头。","content":"<html><body><p><span label=\"备注\">本文来自微信公众号:</span><span>品玩 (ID:pinwancool)</span><span>,作者:沈丹阳,原文标题:《Shopee 衰落幕后:一家最像中国大厂的东南亚巨头的全球化乱局》,题图来自:<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/000681\">视觉中国</a></span></p><p>当一家东南亚互联网公司,像极了一家中国互联网大厂,会发生什么?</p><p>对于新加坡互联网集团SEA旗下的明星公司Shopee来说,一开始,这意味着疯狂的增长。</p><p>由华人企业家李小冬创办于2015年的SEA,从创始人背景,到商业模式,再到融资历程,都沿袭着中国互联网公司的道路,更曾因<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/00700\">腾讯</a>的入股而被称为“新加坡小腾讯”。</p><p>旗下明星电商公司Shopee,更是在东南亚大杀四方,在多个市场压制阿里旗下的Lazada。彼时两者的竞争也因背后中国巨头的存在,而被国内互联网圈密切关注。以至于,在近两年中国互联网人才涌入新加坡的浪潮中,Shopee成了他们最热门的目的地。</p><p>这些中国元素的影子助它快速成为新加坡第一家估值超过10亿美元、赴美IPO四年后总市值一度逼近2000亿美元、并同期开启全球化扩张的东南亚超级公司。SEA集团一度跃升为亚洲第三大互联网公司,其创始人李小冬也曾凭此跻身新加坡首富。</p><p>然而,就在它正在进一步变成一家“东南亚最像中国互联网大厂的超级公司”的时候,问题出现了。</p><p>从外部来看,过去近一年时间里,SEA集团股价暴跌超81%、大股东腾讯减持SEA、印度市场以数据安全为由封禁Shopee及SEA的游戏产品Free Fire,且过去几个月中,Shopee又相继关闭了多个海外站点。</p><p>而更大的动荡来自内部。</p><p>据品玩和多位接近Shopee核心决策层的人士交流,这家公司正经历着组织危机、管理路线之争以及无解的增长困局——它正在自己“卷”自己,并由此陷入一系列的问题。</p><p>事实上,Shopee曾被许多有全球化野心的中国公司视为标杆,被称为“born to be global”的骄子。它所代表的模式——总部在新加坡,人才在中国,业务在全球,是一种越来越被新一代中国企业家们所追捧的状态,这种结构在字节跳动、SHEIN、米哈游等有全球化野心的中国明星公司身上都能看到。</p><p>还原这家新加坡明星公司“内卷”的内幕,也许会让这些中国全球化公司们,有一些新的思考。</p><p label=\"大标题\">文化冲突</p><p>中国高管空降,新加坡员工皱起眉头。</p><p>2021年3月,Shopee内部召开了一次看似普通寻常,在后来看却是这家全球化公司转折里程碑式的Town Hall Meeting。</p><p>在这场Town Hall Meeting中,Shopee例行出席的高管层除了CEO冯陟旻<span label=\"备注\">(Chris Feng)</span>与CPO陈静业<span label=\"备注\">(David Chen)</span>之外,多了一位新上任的深圳CTO黄易成。据公开资料显示,黄易成本科就读于复旦大学,后在新加坡国立大学取得博士学位,于2017年加入SEA Group<span label=\"备注\">(冬海集团)</span>旗下的游戏公司Garena,后转岗到电商平台Shopee。</p><p>数位Shopee员工向品玩如此形容这位中国CTO:有城府有手段,掌控欲很强,虽然教育和职业背景比较国际化,但内心非常信奉儒释道文化,经常不避讳地表达犀利观点。</p><p>一个令多数Shopee员工记忆深刻的例子是,在黄易成首次作为CTO出席的Town Hall Meeting上,有技术人员向他反映组内加班强度太大,动辄要到晚上9:30甚至半夜才能结束工作,这与全球化企业崇尚的work life balance文化并不相符。然而这位新任高管并没有询问该员工所在组的具体情况,反倒当众表示:“9点半下班很晚吗”。</p><p>“我不理解为什么7点就能做完的工作,非要拖到那么晚下班,真有那么多事情可以做吗?”一位Shopee员工告诉品玩,黄易成此番言论在海外员工间引起了强烈的不满情绪。</p><p>新加坡员工们的反弹并没有阻碍这样的文化冲突继续发生。甚至,这种冲突延伸到了公司制度层面。</p><p>“黄易成上任后做的第一件大事是引入了字节跳动的OKR体系。当时他拉着我们所有中层领导开了个会,当场拿出OKR,说我们现在要向字节学习。”一位前Shopee员工说。</p><p>据品玩了解,Shopee的OKR与绩效考核的绑定关系十分频繁密切,以季度为单位进行OKR制定,每个季度都会进行一次绩效考核,加上年末的总考核,全年共有5次考核。</p><p>一位在调整过程中离职的新加坡技术高管表示,Shopee国内团队牵头实行的OKR制度里,技术团队每个季度都要花费近一个月的时间,反复与中国高层们确认对齐OKR,但刚搭建起来的中国团队对OKR目标的制定和执行又缺少连贯性,常常上个季度定下来的方向,下个季度就会被和盘推翻。</p><p>除了OKR制度之外,Shopee新加坡管理层也被要求每两周以书面报告的形式,向中国管理团队进行思想汇报,有些人的双周报字数多达一万多字。</p><p>卷起来了。</p><p>首先表达反对的还是新加坡总部的基层员工。他们表示,令他们困惑的是,这套从天而降的OKR制度仅以几张表格的形式通知执行,并没有推出相应的衡量标准。</p><p>“我能理解公司规模变大后需要有统一的绩效考核体系,这也是激励员工的一种方式,但Shopee的OKR衡量标准完全由管理层主观臆断,这就变成了控制人的手段了”,Shopee新加坡的一线技术人员说。</p><p>事实上,Shopee这家公司对于这种借鉴中国互联网经验的做法并不陌生,甚至是有其独特的传统的。</p><p>据公开资料,SEA的创始人李小冬出生于中国天津、毕业于上海交通大学,创业前曾就职于摩托罗拉和<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/GLW\">康宁</a>。李小冬留给外界的印象是性格偏内向,即使成名后也鲜少出现在公众面前。</p><p>他是第一批真正意义上借助中国互联网经验在海外市场成功实现本地化的企业家。无论是他打造的“东南亚小腾讯Garena”,还是“东南亚阿里Shopee”,其背后都有着鲜明的中国互联网特色。</p><p>在创业早期,李小冬利用曾备受中国互联网推崇的地推模式,组建了一支强大的业务地推军,并在东南亚形成了一张超过7万个节点的关系网。</p><p>但更重要的是,李小冬把这些经验和本地化相结合。多位Shopee员工表示,李小冬对本地化高度重视,这形成了SEA的全球化基因,也让Shopee在拓展海外市场时,带着天然的本地化运营思维。比如,它在每个市场中都根据当地不同的情况灵活地推出符合其特色的App,并借此在多个东南亚市场的占有率上一度击败Lazada。</p><p>这样的背景,决定了这位中国出身的创始人在公司遇到增长瓶颈时,很自然的会选择向中国互联网公司寻找答案。但这一次,Shopee开始遇到了逆向本地化问题,文化差异与管理模式造成的动荡,开始对这家全球化公司的企业氛围与业务发展产生冲击。</p><p>OKR就是一个例子。在新加坡员工眼里,这套制度更多开始变成人事斗争的工具。</p><p>在Shopee的OKR评价体系中,分为ABC三个等级,被打了C的员工面临着限制转岗、降薪,甚至被劝退的结果,上述前新加坡技术高管也因被打C而选择了离职。</p><p>新的制度上线很快,据接近高层的人士透露,黄易成上任后还组建了一个技术委员会,职责之一是处理新加坡和中国技术人员的晋升申请,但10人的技术委员会中8个是空降的中国管理层,多数入职不超过两个月。</p><p>“有去晋升答辩的资深技术人员,被问的第一个问题居然是——你这个项目是做啥的”。</p><p>“过去一年里新加坡团队的离职率非常高,我带的团队离职率超过30%,中层离职转岗的更多,管理层基本上都换了一遍血”,就Shopee核心业务团队转移中发生的人事动荡,多位员工表示虽然能理解“一朝天子一朝臣”,但整个过程做的“非常不体面”、“完全有更合理的解决方式”。</p><p>这种“不体面”的一个具体事例是,在黄易成想更换另一位新加坡技术高层时,这位中国高管无所顾忌地当面对其说“你的时代结束了”,而该技术高层反问劝退理由时,得到的回复是:</p><p>反正你的团队已经没人了。</p><p label=\"大标题\">权力转移</p><p>一旦出现了“你我”之分,文化冲突就不只是文化冲突,公司不同势力开始各自为战,中国团队与新加坡团队分化越来越严重。</p><p>在这期间举行的Town Hall Meeting中,不止一个新加坡员工、不止一次地问过“新加坡团队的未来在哪里”。在频频空降中国管理层、新加坡团队不断收缩的现实中,CEO冯陟旻和CPO陈静业也只能含糊其辞地表示“新加坡还在招人”。</p><p>“事实是我们看到的新同事非常少,招聘的速度也慢了很多。”不仅研发,离职转岗的产品经理也不在少数,“我刚来一年多,产品换了不知道多少拨人了”。</p><p>同期,Shopee持续扩张的全球化业务,对平台自身的产品技术提出了更高的要求。</p><p>这种话语权转移已经很明显了:多位Shopee员工表示,继新加坡团队完成了Shopee从0到1的搭建后,中国团队被寄予了Shopee从1到10的期望,而这副重担显然要由深圳新高管黄易成挑起。</p><p>面对新加坡员工和中国员工的争吵,Shopee事实上选择了对权力中心进行转移,核心业务团队开始由总部新加坡向中国进行一场大转移。</p><p>多位新加坡Shopee员工向品玩证实,自2021年3月开始,Shopee新加坡团队整体向中国团队交权,技术项目重心大批迁移至深圳,管理层架构主体也几乎被中国高管接手,新加坡团队的众多管理层和业务骨干或转岗或离职。</p><p>一位Shopee新加坡基层技术人员对这场大转移的描述是:开始时有些摸不到头脑,看明白后觉得就是核心团队大转移。据这位员工讲述,他所在的研发组是最先被“开刀”的,也许是Shopee高层不希望在转移初期造成太大影响,于是表面上以中国企业常用的内部赛马机制,招募了一个与该员工小组业务定位和工作内容上几近相同的团队。</p><p>“后来发现并不是内部赛马,新成立的研发组manager开始或明或暗地抢人,我们组比较资深的技术骨干基本都被聊了个遍,慢慢地我们组原来的manager选择了转岗,之后两个组就顺理成章地合并了。”</p><p>据知情人士称,在过去一年多的时间里,原属于新加坡团队主导的业务线大多改成直接向黄易成汇报。同时,黄易成也开始在国内招兵买马,众多具有中国互联网大厂背景的中层管理者空降至Shopee深圳团队,并各自继续在国内扩张。</p><p>2021年Shopee在中国的招聘热潮是互联网圈有目共睹的,国内各大求职平台都充斥着这家东南亚小巨头的招聘信息,而就Shopee面经的讨论、Offer的对比,以及对全球化公司的遐想与憧憬,也遍布在国内互联网论坛中。</p><p>有知情人士透露,除了校招与普通社招需要的执行层人才外,Shopee对中国互联网大厂的资深研发更是一掷千金地猛挖墙脚,阿里P7级别的技术人才在国内正常年薪浮动是在60万至150万之间,但在Shopee却能拿到年薪220万的Offer。</p><p>多位Shopee员工表示,经过这番大规模的核心业务团队转移后,Shopee在深圳的员工体量大约有4000多人,新加坡的员工体量约1000多人,而两边团队的员工比例在2021年3月之前是基本持平的,且早期员工称Shopee创办最初几年里深圳研发中心人少的可怜,平台从0到1的技术底层搭建、迭代、维护,都是由新加坡团队主力完成的。</p><p>“中国团队的规模还在继续扩大,在深圳与新加坡员工4:1的基础上,决策层还希望在北京建立Shopee的另一个大本营,预计规模会跟Shopee深圳一样大。”一位接近Shopee决策层的人士告诉品玩。</p><p>这形成了一个很有意思的现象——当一众中国公司在把全球化业务向新加坡转移,并优先选择外籍高管来掌管这些业务的同时,这家在许多中国公司看起来有先天优势的“新加坡公司”,却从组织到文化都越来越中国大厂化。</p><p>新加坡本身究竟适不适合诞生全球化的企业,成了很多人新的反思。</p><p>“新加坡这边招人确实非常难,公司的发展速度又很快,无论是招人的成本还是效率,国内都比新加坡好很多。”一位Shopee的早期员工向品玩描述,他2018年入职时,SEA集团即便已跻身东南亚科技小巨头之列,但仅从技术层面来看,水平勉强能与国内二线互联网公司持平。</p><p>事实上,很多在东南亚成功的所谓新加坡公司,最初都不是从新加坡起家。比如,网约车与外卖平台Grab虽于2020年将全部总部迁至新加坡,但实则创办于马来西亚;而Tokopedia和Gojeck则诞生在东南亚最大的市场印尼,并于2021年合并为GoTo,成为Grab最强劲的竞争对手。而李小冬的中国背景,让Shopee选择中国互联网大厂化的路径。但这带来的“国际化”的挑战看起来比其他路线多很多。</p><p>“我其实隐约地感觉到未来Shopee的业务核心团队可能会转向中国,只是没想到这么快。”在这位员工看来,全球疫情爆发带来的电商风口,让Shopee的发展远超预期,也无形中成为了核心业务团队向中国转移的催化剂。</p><p>财报数据显示,2020年Shopee的总GMV达到354亿美元,同比增长101.1%;总订单数达到28亿,同比增长132.8%。而在2021年第一季度,Shopee仍保持着强势的增长势头,GMV达到126亿美元,同比增长103.2%;总订单数达到11亿,同比增长153%。</p><p>在这样的变化中,Shopee在不少员工眼里,成了一家事实上的中国公司。</p><p label=\"大标题\">破灭的全球化美梦</p><p>但好景不长,这种疫情初期的GMV增长很快结束,而Shopee却已陷入内部人事斗争与业务问题拉扯,进一步让它来不及调整。</p><p>2021年是Shopee大肆扩张全球市场的一年,在原有东南亚和巴西等优势业务基础上,开拓了墨西哥、阿根廷、哥伦比亚、智利、法国、西班牙、印度等多个新站点。但短期内同时进军多个海外市场,实则给Shopee带来了巨大的资金压力,其母公司SEA集团也多次在财报电话会议中提及“将更多关注盈利能力”。</p><p>从SEA集团的收入构成来看,其三大主要业务分别是游戏、电商,以及数字金融,其中游戏<span label=\"备注\">(Garena)</span>是电商<span label=\"备注\">(Shopee)</span>自创办以来的主要现金牛,为其全球化扩张提供了强有力的资金保障。SEA集团2021年企业总市值曾逼近2000亿美元。</p><p>然而,2021年第三季度,这样的“互补”模式开始出问题:通过游戏业务作为现金流造血,供给电商业务在全球的大额补贴和高性价比策略模式,在后者的严重亏损下变得不再成立。其游戏业务产品线单薄老化、自研游戏业务进展缓慢,流水增速已从65%降至29%,不足以支撑亏损严重的Shopee电商业务。</p><p>股价开始下跌。2021年三季度财报发布后,也是Shopee刚宣布进军欧洲市场之时,SEA的股价一路从最高点372美元跌至现在的80美元,蒸发近80%。</p><p>“外部大环境不好是前提,但公司站在高点时的盲目自信和不加节制的扩张,也是开始走下坡路的主要原因”,多个Shopee员工在谈及过去一年多的公司发展情况时,表示2021年的扩张步子迈得太大,连内部员工都能感觉到策略上的激进和缺乏大局观。</p><p>一位曾负责过Shopee数据中台的前核心技术成员透露,Shopee增速放缓内部来看早有迹象,2021年之前扩张一个新市场能让大盘流量直接翻倍,而后来虽然扩张市场数量变多了,但流量增长连50%都不到,“隐约有种增长到顶了的感觉”。 </p><p>在这样的挑战下,许多Shopee新加坡员工把问题再次归结于中国元素的增多。</p><p>“现在Shopee已经看不到什么国际化的影子了。核心业务团队转移后,甚至有人提出“我们没必要说英文」,跟海外团队开会的时候基本也都用中文,很多东南亚同事听不懂,解决的办法是会后再将记录翻译成英文。”一位新加坡Shopee老员工对品玩说,公司早年间很注重内部多元的文化与氛围,这也令海外员工感到十分舒适、融入感很强,“现在Diversity已经被杀死了”。</p><p>此外,还有不少新加坡员工指责,这样的变化也破坏了曾经的扁平化沟通机制。</p><p>据多位内部人士透露,Shopee内部的组织架构不再如早期那般扁平化,以往一线技术人员直线汇报关系两层就能到达CTO,而现在变得层级繁琐森严,底层员工甚至看不到所在业务线的完整汇报关系。有员工曾指出过这点,公司也因此曾设立了一个由下而上的反馈机制<span label=\"备注\">(Feedback Cultrue)</span>,新加坡办公室里各处贴着反馈系统的二维码,鼓励员工填写建议和想法。</p><p>“更多就是形式主义,我反馈了几次都没有得到解决,久而久之也没什么热情了。”一位新加坡员工表示,当由下而上的反馈机制形同虚设后,“我们对公司的认同感和归属感也没那么强了”。</p><p>久而久之,身处一线的员工们有了一种活在“真空层”中的感觉,公司决策层与他们的距离越来越远,虽然Town Hall Meeting仍在正常举行,但少了“发现问题、提出问题、解决问题”的沟通氛围。</p><p>“我能直观感受到的是,早些年我们人少规模小,的确一直存在线上技术问题,但改制后引进了那么多人才,规模也扩张了,技术问题却一点也没减少。”一位Shopee新加坡员工告诉品玩,公司的技术人员都能通过一个系统看到整个产品每天的线上事故情况,就他近期观察来看,公司几乎每天都有P0/P1级事故爆发,“这种大事故一天一个,有时候一天两个,但老板们似乎也不在乎,真的是一地鸡毛。”</p><p>有Shopee员工甚至提出更严重的指控:</p><p>一名熟悉技术情况的人士称,他所在的小组由中国团队接手管理后,新来的技术负责人不仅带来了一批自己在前公司的下属,还把前公司的技术代码大批地搬过来用,“这些代码还被丢给我们老员工修改,里面的细则和注释有很多原公司的信息,我们看来这是很严肃的抄代码事件”。</p><p>Shopee另一个技术线的新加坡前负责人也有相似的指责。</p><p>“当时有个分布式存储相关的项目,中国团队那边称从腾讯挖来了个大牛,一年之内就能把这个做出来。我们搞这行的一听就知道不可能,除非你就是拿人家的代码直接过来跑”。他表示怀疑。</p><p>多位Shopee员工表示,由于缺少对Shopee产品的了解,加之直接复用其他公司技术造成的线上bug,让本就不太稳定的平台系统问题频出,往往执行不过一个季度,就变得不了了之。</p><p>“可能管理层们正忙着通过权力斗争坐稳自己的位置,先做到跟公司深度绑定,业务问题可以慢慢解决。”有员工如此猜测道。</p><p>对于Shopee和SEA集团来说,是否能够重新找到中国基因与全球化基因之间的平衡点,将成为其下一阶段发展的决定性因素。更具体来说,Shopee当下应该关注的是如何定义新加坡团队对业务和公司发展的意义。</p><p>据Shopee一位新加坡员工透露,新加坡团队今年开始实行Hot Desk制度,当地所有员工不再有固定的工位,上班之前需要通过系统进行工位预约。虽然工位预约制在全球化公司中早有先例,但Shopee的这项制度并没有在中国团队实行,公司给到新加坡员工的解释是“工位不够用了”。</p><p>“不理解为什么实行这个制度,原来每个组的人都会坐在一起,讨论项目和工作非常方便,实行之后大家坐的就分散了。”一位新加坡员工说,这项制度带来的直观感受是公司没钱了,想得更极端些就是变相的收缩中国以外团队规模。</p><p>这些种种不理解,都在提示着那些对新加坡趋之若鹜的中国企业家:一家生于新加坡的互联网公司,在中国元素增多后尚且无法处理这种平衡,那些“外来”的中国公司要如何应对这个问题?</p><p>近来Shopee向外界传来的坏消息更是一个接一个。</p><p>先是年初腾讯宣布减持其母公司SEA集团的股票,当日SEA集团股价下跌超11%;2月14日,印度以数据安全为由封禁了Shopee以及SEA集团在当地备受欢迎的游戏Free Fire,封禁令公布后SEA集团随即迎来超20%的股价大跌;3月份开始,Shopee相继关闭了印度、法国、西班牙等国家站。</p><p>而在过去没多久的6月份,Shopee内部又爆发了裁员计划,优化团队涉及Shopee墨西哥、阿根廷、智利在内的多个团队。Shopee的内部裁员也于近日蔓延至中国团队,互联网论坛中越来越频繁看到深圳研发团队员工发出的相关信息,虽未明确裁员涉及的具体条线,但发文屡屡提及“整个组解散”、“业务整体裁撤”。</p><p>“我们预测今年底明年初,还会爆发一波老员工离职潮,因为2018/2019年入职的人很多因为股票没到期所以选择按兵不动。”一位新加坡员工说。</p><p>“以Shopee现在这个样子根本留不住人了。”</p><p><span label=\"备注\">本文来自微信公众号:</span><span>品玩 (ID:pinwancool)</span><span>,作者:沈丹阳</span></p></body></html>","source":"highlight_huxiu","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; 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overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 11px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;line-height: 11px;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\nShopee 衰落幕后:一家东南亚巨头的全球化乱局\n</h2>\n\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n\n\n2022-08-09 11:46 北京时间 <a href=https://www.huxiu.com/article/630610.html><strong>虎嗅</strong></a>\n\n\n</h4>\n\n</header>\n<article>\n<div>\n<p>本文来自微信公众号:品玩 (ID:pinwancool),作者:沈丹阳,原文标题:《Shopee 衰落幕后:一家最像中国大厂的东南亚巨头的全球化乱局》,题图来自:视觉中国当一家东南亚互联网公司,像极了一家中国互联网大厂,会发生什么?对于新加坡互联网集团SEA旗下的明星公司Shopee来说,一开始,这意味着疯狂的增长。由华人企业家李小冬创办于2015年的SEA,从创始人背景,到商业模式,再到融资历程...</p>\n\n<a href=\"https://www.huxiu.com/article/630610.html\">Web Link</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/202208/09/111035260626.jpg?imageView2/1/w/720/h/405/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg","relate_stocks":{"BK4548":"巴美列捷福持仓","BK4551":"寇图资本持仓","BK4085":"互动家庭娱乐","BK4535":"淡马锡持仓","BK4581":"高盛持仓","BK4554":"元宇宙及AR概念","BK4566":"资本集团","BK4503":"景林资产持仓","SE":"Sea Ltd"},"source_url":"https://www.huxiu.com/article/630610.html","is_english":false,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/e9f99090a1c2ed51c021029395664489","article_id":"2258342035","content_text":"本文来自微信公众号:品玩 (ID:pinwancool),作者:沈丹阳,原文标题:《Shopee 衰落幕后:一家最像中国大厂的东南亚巨头的全球化乱局》,题图来自:视觉中国当一家东南亚互联网公司,像极了一家中国互联网大厂,会发生什么?对于新加坡互联网集团SEA旗下的明星公司Shopee来说,一开始,这意味着疯狂的增长。由华人企业家李小冬创办于2015年的SEA,从创始人背景,到商业模式,再到融资历程,都沿袭着中国互联网公司的道路,更曾因腾讯的入股而被称为“新加坡小腾讯”。旗下明星电商公司Shopee,更是在东南亚大杀四方,在多个市场压制阿里旗下的Lazada。彼时两者的竞争也因背后中国巨头的存在,而被国内互联网圈密切关注。以至于,在近两年中国互联网人才涌入新加坡的浪潮中,Shopee成了他们最热门的目的地。这些中国元素的影子助它快速成为新加坡第一家估值超过10亿美元、赴美IPO四年后总市值一度逼近2000亿美元、并同期开启全球化扩张的东南亚超级公司。SEA集团一度跃升为亚洲第三大互联网公司,其创始人李小冬也曾凭此跻身新加坡首富。然而,就在它正在进一步变成一家“东南亚最像中国互联网大厂的超级公司”的时候,问题出现了。从外部来看,过去近一年时间里,SEA集团股价暴跌超81%、大股东腾讯减持SEA、印度市场以数据安全为由封禁Shopee及SEA的游戏产品Free Fire,且过去几个月中,Shopee又相继关闭了多个海外站点。而更大的动荡来自内部。据品玩和多位接近Shopee核心决策层的人士交流,这家公司正经历着组织危机、管理路线之争以及无解的增长困局——它正在自己“卷”自己,并由此陷入一系列的问题。事实上,Shopee曾被许多有全球化野心的中国公司视为标杆,被称为“born to be global”的骄子。它所代表的模式——总部在新加坡,人才在中国,业务在全球,是一种越来越被新一代中国企业家们所追捧的状态,这种结构在字节跳动、SHEIN、米哈游等有全球化野心的中国明星公司身上都能看到。还原这家新加坡明星公司“内卷”的内幕,也许会让这些中国全球化公司们,有一些新的思考。文化冲突中国高管空降,新加坡员工皱起眉头。2021年3月,Shopee内部召开了一次看似普通寻常,在后来看却是这家全球化公司转折里程碑式的Town Hall Meeting。在这场Town Hall Meeting中,Shopee例行出席的高管层除了CEO冯陟旻(Chris Feng)与CPO陈静业(David Chen)之外,多了一位新上任的深圳CTO黄易成。据公开资料显示,黄易成本科就读于复旦大学,后在新加坡国立大学取得博士学位,于2017年加入SEA Group(冬海集团)旗下的游戏公司Garena,后转岗到电商平台Shopee。数位Shopee员工向品玩如此形容这位中国CTO:有城府有手段,掌控欲很强,虽然教育和职业背景比较国际化,但内心非常信奉儒释道文化,经常不避讳地表达犀利观点。一个令多数Shopee员工记忆深刻的例子是,在黄易成首次作为CTO出席的Town Hall Meeting上,有技术人员向他反映组内加班强度太大,动辄要到晚上9:30甚至半夜才能结束工作,这与全球化企业崇尚的work life balance文化并不相符。然而这位新任高管并没有询问该员工所在组的具体情况,反倒当众表示:“9点半下班很晚吗”。“我不理解为什么7点就能做完的工作,非要拖到那么晚下班,真有那么多事情可以做吗?”一位Shopee员工告诉品玩,黄易成此番言论在海外员工间引起了强烈的不满情绪。新加坡员工们的反弹并没有阻碍这样的文化冲突继续发生。甚至,这种冲突延伸到了公司制度层面。“黄易成上任后做的第一件大事是引入了字节跳动的OKR体系。当时他拉着我们所有中层领导开了个会,当场拿出OKR,说我们现在要向字节学习。”一位前Shopee员工说。据品玩了解,Shopee的OKR与绩效考核的绑定关系十分频繁密切,以季度为单位进行OKR制定,每个季度都会进行一次绩效考核,加上年末的总考核,全年共有5次考核。一位在调整过程中离职的新加坡技术高管表示,Shopee国内团队牵头实行的OKR制度里,技术团队每个季度都要花费近一个月的时间,反复与中国高层们确认对齐OKR,但刚搭建起来的中国团队对OKR目标的制定和执行又缺少连贯性,常常上个季度定下来的方向,下个季度就会被和盘推翻。除了OKR制度之外,Shopee新加坡管理层也被要求每两周以书面报告的形式,向中国管理团队进行思想汇报,有些人的双周报字数多达一万多字。卷起来了。首先表达反对的还是新加坡总部的基层员工。他们表示,令他们困惑的是,这套从天而降的OKR制度仅以几张表格的形式通知执行,并没有推出相应的衡量标准。“我能理解公司规模变大后需要有统一的绩效考核体系,这也是激励员工的一种方式,但Shopee的OKR衡量标准完全由管理层主观臆断,这就变成了控制人的手段了”,Shopee新加坡的一线技术人员说。事实上,Shopee这家公司对于这种借鉴中国互联网经验的做法并不陌生,甚至是有其独特的传统的。据公开资料,SEA的创始人李小冬出生于中国天津、毕业于上海交通大学,创业前曾就职于摩托罗拉和康宁。李小冬留给外界的印象是性格偏内向,即使成名后也鲜少出现在公众面前。他是第一批真正意义上借助中国互联网经验在海外市场成功实现本地化的企业家。无论是他打造的“东南亚小腾讯Garena”,还是“东南亚阿里Shopee”,其背后都有着鲜明的中国互联网特色。在创业早期,李小冬利用曾备受中国互联网推崇的地推模式,组建了一支强大的业务地推军,并在东南亚形成了一张超过7万个节点的关系网。但更重要的是,李小冬把这些经验和本地化相结合。多位Shopee员工表示,李小冬对本地化高度重视,这形成了SEA的全球化基因,也让Shopee在拓展海外市场时,带着天然的本地化运营思维。比如,它在每个市场中都根据当地不同的情况灵活地推出符合其特色的App,并借此在多个东南亚市场的占有率上一度击败Lazada。这样的背景,决定了这位中国出身的创始人在公司遇到增长瓶颈时,很自然的会选择向中国互联网公司寻找答案。但这一次,Shopee开始遇到了逆向本地化问题,文化差异与管理模式造成的动荡,开始对这家全球化公司的企业氛围与业务发展产生冲击。OKR就是一个例子。在新加坡员工眼里,这套制度更多开始变成人事斗争的工具。在Shopee的OKR评价体系中,分为ABC三个等级,被打了C的员工面临着限制转岗、降薪,甚至被劝退的结果,上述前新加坡技术高管也因被打C而选择了离职。新的制度上线很快,据接近高层的人士透露,黄易成上任后还组建了一个技术委员会,职责之一是处理新加坡和中国技术人员的晋升申请,但10人的技术委员会中8个是空降的中国管理层,多数入职不超过两个月。“有去晋升答辩的资深技术人员,被问的第一个问题居然是——你这个项目是做啥的”。“过去一年里新加坡团队的离职率非常高,我带的团队离职率超过30%,中层离职转岗的更多,管理层基本上都换了一遍血”,就Shopee核心业务团队转移中发生的人事动荡,多位员工表示虽然能理解“一朝天子一朝臣”,但整个过程做的“非常不体面”、“完全有更合理的解决方式”。这种“不体面”的一个具体事例是,在黄易成想更换另一位新加坡技术高层时,这位中国高管无所顾忌地当面对其说“你的时代结束了”,而该技术高层反问劝退理由时,得到的回复是:反正你的团队已经没人了。权力转移一旦出现了“你我”之分,文化冲突就不只是文化冲突,公司不同势力开始各自为战,中国团队与新加坡团队分化越来越严重。在这期间举行的Town Hall Meeting中,不止一个新加坡员工、不止一次地问过“新加坡团队的未来在哪里”。在频频空降中国管理层、新加坡团队不断收缩的现实中,CEO冯陟旻和CPO陈静业也只能含糊其辞地表示“新加坡还在招人”。“事实是我们看到的新同事非常少,招聘的速度也慢了很多。”不仅研发,离职转岗的产品经理也不在少数,“我刚来一年多,产品换了不知道多少拨人了”。同期,Shopee持续扩张的全球化业务,对平台自身的产品技术提出了更高的要求。这种话语权转移已经很明显了:多位Shopee员工表示,继新加坡团队完成了Shopee从0到1的搭建后,中国团队被寄予了Shopee从1到10的期望,而这副重担显然要由深圳新高管黄易成挑起。面对新加坡员工和中国员工的争吵,Shopee事实上选择了对权力中心进行转移,核心业务团队开始由总部新加坡向中国进行一场大转移。多位新加坡Shopee员工向品玩证实,自2021年3月开始,Shopee新加坡团队整体向中国团队交权,技术项目重心大批迁移至深圳,管理层架构主体也几乎被中国高管接手,新加坡团队的众多管理层和业务骨干或转岗或离职。一位Shopee新加坡基层技术人员对这场大转移的描述是:开始时有些摸不到头脑,看明白后觉得就是核心团队大转移。据这位员工讲述,他所在的研发组是最先被“开刀”的,也许是Shopee高层不希望在转移初期造成太大影响,于是表面上以中国企业常用的内部赛马机制,招募了一个与该员工小组业务定位和工作内容上几近相同的团队。“后来发现并不是内部赛马,新成立的研发组manager开始或明或暗地抢人,我们组比较资深的技术骨干基本都被聊了个遍,慢慢地我们组原来的manager选择了转岗,之后两个组就顺理成章地合并了。”据知情人士称,在过去一年多的时间里,原属于新加坡团队主导的业务线大多改成直接向黄易成汇报。同时,黄易成也开始在国内招兵买马,众多具有中国互联网大厂背景的中层管理者空降至Shopee深圳团队,并各自继续在国内扩张。2021年Shopee在中国的招聘热潮是互联网圈有目共睹的,国内各大求职平台都充斥着这家东南亚小巨头的招聘信息,而就Shopee面经的讨论、Offer的对比,以及对全球化公司的遐想与憧憬,也遍布在国内互联网论坛中。有知情人士透露,除了校招与普通社招需要的执行层人才外,Shopee对中国互联网大厂的资深研发更是一掷千金地猛挖墙脚,阿里P7级别的技术人才在国内正常年薪浮动是在60万至150万之间,但在Shopee却能拿到年薪220万的Offer。多位Shopee员工表示,经过这番大规模的核心业务团队转移后,Shopee在深圳的员工体量大约有4000多人,新加坡的员工体量约1000多人,而两边团队的员工比例在2021年3月之前是基本持平的,且早期员工称Shopee创办最初几年里深圳研发中心人少的可怜,平台从0到1的技术底层搭建、迭代、维护,都是由新加坡团队主力完成的。“中国团队的规模还在继续扩大,在深圳与新加坡员工4:1的基础上,决策层还希望在北京建立Shopee的另一个大本营,预计规模会跟Shopee深圳一样大。”一位接近Shopee决策层的人士告诉品玩。这形成了一个很有意思的现象——当一众中国公司在把全球化业务向新加坡转移,并优先选择外籍高管来掌管这些业务的同时,这家在许多中国公司看起来有先天优势的“新加坡公司”,却从组织到文化都越来越中国大厂化。新加坡本身究竟适不适合诞生全球化的企业,成了很多人新的反思。“新加坡这边招人确实非常难,公司的发展速度又很快,无论是招人的成本还是效率,国内都比新加坡好很多。”一位Shopee的早期员工向品玩描述,他2018年入职时,SEA集团即便已跻身东南亚科技小巨头之列,但仅从技术层面来看,水平勉强能与国内二线互联网公司持平。事实上,很多在东南亚成功的所谓新加坡公司,最初都不是从新加坡起家。比如,网约车与外卖平台Grab虽于2020年将全部总部迁至新加坡,但实则创办于马来西亚;而Tokopedia和Gojeck则诞生在东南亚最大的市场印尼,并于2021年合并为GoTo,成为Grab最强劲的竞争对手。而李小冬的中国背景,让Shopee选择中国互联网大厂化的路径。但这带来的“国际化”的挑战看起来比其他路线多很多。“我其实隐约地感觉到未来Shopee的业务核心团队可能会转向中国,只是没想到这么快。”在这位员工看来,全球疫情爆发带来的电商风口,让Shopee的发展远超预期,也无形中成为了核心业务团队向中国转移的催化剂。财报数据显示,2020年Shopee的总GMV达到354亿美元,同比增长101.1%;总订单数达到28亿,同比增长132.8%。而在2021年第一季度,Shopee仍保持着强势的增长势头,GMV达到126亿美元,同比增长103.2%;总订单数达到11亿,同比增长153%。在这样的变化中,Shopee在不少员工眼里,成了一家事实上的中国公司。破灭的全球化美梦但好景不长,这种疫情初期的GMV增长很快结束,而Shopee却已陷入内部人事斗争与业务问题拉扯,进一步让它来不及调整。2021年是Shopee大肆扩张全球市场的一年,在原有东南亚和巴西等优势业务基础上,开拓了墨西哥、阿根廷、哥伦比亚、智利、法国、西班牙、印度等多个新站点。但短期内同时进军多个海外市场,实则给Shopee带来了巨大的资金压力,其母公司SEA集团也多次在财报电话会议中提及“将更多关注盈利能力”。从SEA集团的收入构成来看,其三大主要业务分别是游戏、电商,以及数字金融,其中游戏(Garena)是电商(Shopee)自创办以来的主要现金牛,为其全球化扩张提供了强有力的资金保障。SEA集团2021年企业总市值曾逼近2000亿美元。然而,2021年第三季度,这样的“互补”模式开始出问题:通过游戏业务作为现金流造血,供给电商业务在全球的大额补贴和高性价比策略模式,在后者的严重亏损下变得不再成立。其游戏业务产品线单薄老化、自研游戏业务进展缓慢,流水增速已从65%降至29%,不足以支撑亏损严重的Shopee电商业务。股价开始下跌。2021年三季度财报发布后,也是Shopee刚宣布进军欧洲市场之时,SEA的股价一路从最高点372美元跌至现在的80美元,蒸发近80%。“外部大环境不好是前提,但公司站在高点时的盲目自信和不加节制的扩张,也是开始走下坡路的主要原因”,多个Shopee员工在谈及过去一年多的公司发展情况时,表示2021年的扩张步子迈得太大,连内部员工都能感觉到策略上的激进和缺乏大局观。一位曾负责过Shopee数据中台的前核心技术成员透露,Shopee增速放缓内部来看早有迹象,2021年之前扩张一个新市场能让大盘流量直接翻倍,而后来虽然扩张市场数量变多了,但流量增长连50%都不到,“隐约有种增长到顶了的感觉”。 在这样的挑战下,许多Shopee新加坡员工把问题再次归结于中国元素的增多。“现在Shopee已经看不到什么国际化的影子了。核心业务团队转移后,甚至有人提出“我们没必要说英文」,跟海外团队开会的时候基本也都用中文,很多东南亚同事听不懂,解决的办法是会后再将记录翻译成英文。”一位新加坡Shopee老员工对品玩说,公司早年间很注重内部多元的文化与氛围,这也令海外员工感到十分舒适、融入感很强,“现在Diversity已经被杀死了”。此外,还有不少新加坡员工指责,这样的变化也破坏了曾经的扁平化沟通机制。据多位内部人士透露,Shopee内部的组织架构不再如早期那般扁平化,以往一线技术人员直线汇报关系两层就能到达CTO,而现在变得层级繁琐森严,底层员工甚至看不到所在业务线的完整汇报关系。有员工曾指出过这点,公司也因此曾设立了一个由下而上的反馈机制(Feedback Cultrue),新加坡办公室里各处贴着反馈系统的二维码,鼓励员工填写建议和想法。“更多就是形式主义,我反馈了几次都没有得到解决,久而久之也没什么热情了。”一位新加坡员工表示,当由下而上的反馈机制形同虚设后,“我们对公司的认同感和归属感也没那么强了”。久而久之,身处一线的员工们有了一种活在“真空层”中的感觉,公司决策层与他们的距离越来越远,虽然Town Hall Meeting仍在正常举行,但少了“发现问题、提出问题、解决问题”的沟通氛围。“我能直观感受到的是,早些年我们人少规模小,的确一直存在线上技术问题,但改制后引进了那么多人才,规模也扩张了,技术问题却一点也没减少。”一位Shopee新加坡员工告诉品玩,公司的技术人员都能通过一个系统看到整个产品每天的线上事故情况,就他近期观察来看,公司几乎每天都有P0/P1级事故爆发,“这种大事故一天一个,有时候一天两个,但老板们似乎也不在乎,真的是一地鸡毛。”有Shopee员工甚至提出更严重的指控:一名熟悉技术情况的人士称,他所在的小组由中国团队接手管理后,新来的技术负责人不仅带来了一批自己在前公司的下属,还把前公司的技术代码大批地搬过来用,“这些代码还被丢给我们老员工修改,里面的细则和注释有很多原公司的信息,我们看来这是很严肃的抄代码事件”。Shopee另一个技术线的新加坡前负责人也有相似的指责。“当时有个分布式存储相关的项目,中国团队那边称从腾讯挖来了个大牛,一年之内就能把这个做出来。我们搞这行的一听就知道不可能,除非你就是拿人家的代码直接过来跑”。他表示怀疑。多位Shopee员工表示,由于缺少对Shopee产品的了解,加之直接复用其他公司技术造成的线上bug,让本就不太稳定的平台系统问题频出,往往执行不过一个季度,就变得不了了之。“可能管理层们正忙着通过权力斗争坐稳自己的位置,先做到跟公司深度绑定,业务问题可以慢慢解决。”有员工如此猜测道。对于Shopee和SEA集团来说,是否能够重新找到中国基因与全球化基因之间的平衡点,将成为其下一阶段发展的决定性因素。更具体来说,Shopee当下应该关注的是如何定义新加坡团队对业务和公司发展的意义。据Shopee一位新加坡员工透露,新加坡团队今年开始实行Hot Desk制度,当地所有员工不再有固定的工位,上班之前需要通过系统进行工位预约。虽然工位预约制在全球化公司中早有先例,但Shopee的这项制度并没有在中国团队实行,公司给到新加坡员工的解释是“工位不够用了”。“不理解为什么实行这个制度,原来每个组的人都会坐在一起,讨论项目和工作非常方便,实行之后大家坐的就分散了。”一位新加坡员工说,这项制度带来的直观感受是公司没钱了,想得更极端些就是变相的收缩中国以外团队规模。这些种种不理解,都在提示着那些对新加坡趋之若鹜的中国企业家:一家生于新加坡的互联网公司,在中国元素增多后尚且无法处理这种平衡,那些“外来”的中国公司要如何应对这个问题?近来Shopee向外界传来的坏消息更是一个接一个。先是年初腾讯宣布减持其母公司SEA集团的股票,当日SEA集团股价下跌超11%;2月14日,印度以数据安全为由封禁了Shopee以及SEA集团在当地备受欢迎的游戏Free Fire,封禁令公布后SEA集团随即迎来超20%的股价大跌;3月份开始,Shopee相继关闭了印度、法国、西班牙等国家站。而在过去没多久的6月份,Shopee内部又爆发了裁员计划,优化团队涉及Shopee墨西哥、阿根廷、智利在内的多个团队。Shopee的内部裁员也于近日蔓延至中国团队,互联网论坛中越来越频繁看到深圳研发团队员工发出的相关信息,虽未明确裁员涉及的具体条线,但发文屡屡提及“整个组解散”、“业务整体裁撤”。“我们预测今年底明年初,还会爆发一波老员工离职潮,因为2018/2019年入职的人很多因为股票没到期所以选择按兵不动。”一位新加坡员工说。“以Shopee现在这个样子根本留不住人了。”本文来自微信公众号:品玩 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Ltd(SE)$冲啊","images":[],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":4,"commentSize":1,"repostSize":0,"link":"https://laohu8.com/post/638755032","isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":2625,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":0,"langContent":"CN","totalScore":0},{"id":817349445,"gmtCreate":1630912911587,"gmtModify":1630912911587,"author":{"id":"3527212321526920","authorId":"3527212321526920","name":"Jarry_9777","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/9bd3f8721626ea0442ad11c883c6baac","crmLevel":2,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"3527212321526920","authorIdStr":"3527212321526920"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"所以?EDU要飞了?","listText":"所以?EDU要飞了?","text":"所以?EDU要飞了?","images":[],"top":1,"highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":1,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"link":"https://laohu8.com/post/817349445","repostId":"1190043495","repostType":4,"repost":{"id":"1190043495","kind":"news","pubTimestamp":1630912404,"share":"https://www.laohu8.com/m/news/1190043495?lang=&edition=full","pubTime":"2021-09-06 15:13","market":"hk","language":"zh","title":"发改委:加强义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费监管","url":"https://stock-news.laohu8.com/highlight/detail?id=1190043495","media":"国家发展改革委","summary":"摘要:义务教育阶段线上和线下学科类校外培训收费属于非营利性机构收费,依法实行政府指导价管理,各地制定的浮动幅度,上浮不得超过10%,下浮可不限。\n\n关于加强义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费监管的通知发改","content":"<blockquote>\n 摘要:义务教育阶段线上和线下学科类校外培训收费属于非营利性机构收费,依法实行政府指导价管理,各地制定的浮动幅度,上浮不得超过10%,下浮可不限。\n</blockquote>\n<p><b>关于加强义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费监管的通知</b>发改价格〔2021〕1279号</p>\n<p>各省、自治区、直辖市、新疆生产建设兵团发展改革委、教育厅(教委、教育局)、市场监管局(厅、委):</p>\n<p>为贯彻落实中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅《关于进一步减轻义务教育阶段学生作业负担和校外培训负担的意见》(以下简称《意见》),现就加强义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费监管有关事项通知如下:</p>\n<p><b>一、实行政府指导价管理。</b>义务教育阶段线上和线下学科类校外培训收费属于非营利性机构收费,依法实行政府指导价管理,由政府制定基准收费标准和浮动幅度,并按程序纳入地方定价目录。按照属地管理原则,线下学科类校外培训的基准收费标准和浮动幅度,由省级发展改革部门会同教育部门制定,或经省级人民政府授权由地级及以上人民政府制定;线上学科类校外培训的基准收费标准和浮动幅度,由培训机构办学许可审批地省级发展改革部门会同教育部门制定。各地制定的浮动幅度,上浮不得超过10%,下浮可不限。培训机构在政府制定的基准收费标准和浮动幅度内,确定具体收费标准。</p>\n<p><b>二、科学制定收费标准。</b>各地要坚持学科类校外培训公益属性,充分考虑其涉及重大民生的特点,以有效减轻学生家庭教育支出负担为目标,以平均培训成本为基础,统筹考虑当地经济发展水平、学生家庭承受能力等因素,合理制定基准收费标准和浮动幅度。要区分线上和线下以及不同班型,分类制定标准课程时长的基准收费标准。班型主要可分为10人以下、10~35人、35人以上三种类型。各地可根据实际情况,确定本地区具体的分类标准。标准课程时长,线上为30分钟,线下为45分钟,实际时长不一样的,按比例折算。要建立收费政策评估和动态调整机制,适时对收费标准进行调整完善。</p>\n<p>各地要根据相关规定,加强对培训机构的学科类校外培训成本调查,严格核减不合理成本。培训成本包括培训机构人员薪酬、培训场地租金、宣传费、研发费用、固定资产折旧费以及其他费用。其中,培训机构人员平均工资水平应正常合理,不得明显高于统计部门公布的当地教育行业城镇非私营单位就业人员平均工资;培训场地租金和固定资产折旧费等,应当根据学科类校外培训实际利用时长等因素,按合理方法和公允水平分摊核算;宣传费按不超过学科类校外培训销售收入的3%据实核算。要加强关联交易审核,对明显不符合公允水平的关联交易,可开展延伸调查。各地要推动培训机构加快建立健全财务会计核算等制度,完整准确记录线上、线下学科类校外培训各项成本和收入,以及培训人次、课时量、教师数量等经营情况。</p>\n<p><b>三、强化收费信息公开。</b>各地要督促培训机构按照规定通过网站、收费场所、线上应用程序、公开媒体等途径,将学科类校外培训内容、培训时长、收费标准、教师资质等信息提前向社会公开;将招生简章、收费标准、教师资质等资料,连同上一年度收入、成本、利润以及关联交易、政策执行等情况,于每年6月底前分别报送给当地教育、发展改革和市场监管部门。要切实发挥好全国中小学校外培训机构管理服务平台作用,鼓励各省级或市级教育部门采取集中公示的方式,将当地主要学科类校外培训机构的办学类型、办学规模、收费标准等信息向社会公开。各地教育部门要加快制定学科类校外培训内容质量、培训进度、课时设置等标准规范,并向社会公开。</p>\n<p><b>四、加强收费行为监管。</b>各地要推动培训机构全面使用教育部和市场监管总局统一制定的《中小学生校外培训服务合同(示范文本)》,严格履行合同义务,规范自身收费行为,不得以任何理由、任何方式提高或变相提高政府制定的培训收费标准,不得在培训费外另行收取其他费用。各地市场监管、教育、发展改革等部门,要依职责加强对学科类校外培训收费执行情况的监督。要畅通投诉举报渠道,鼓励社会各方参与监督。要依法严厉查处超过政府指导价收费,采取分解收费项目、重复收费、扩大收费范围、虚增培训时长等方式变相提高收费标准,虚假宣传,价格欺诈以及不按规定明码标价等行为。对情节严重、性质恶劣的典型案例,要公开曝光。</p>\n<p><b>五、切实抓好组织实施。</b>各地发展改革、教育、市场监管等部门要在当地党委、政府统一领导下,按照《意见》要求,建立健全工作协调机制,制定详细工作方案,明确时间表和路线图,加快推进对义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费实行政府指导价管理工作。各地要于2021年底前出台义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费政府指导价管理政策,明确基准收费标准和浮动幅度,以及具体实施时间,并做好政策衔接,加强预期引导和宣传解读,及时回应社会关切,确保政策平稳落地。对面向普通高中学生的学科类校外培训收费的管理,参照执行。</p>\n<p>各级发展改革、教育、市场监管部门要进一步统一思想,充分认识加强学科类校外培训收费监管对减轻学生校外培训负担、净化教育生态、维护教育公平的重要意义,切实提高政治站位,增强责任感和使命感,将其作为当前的重点工作任务,摆在突出位置,抓实抓好、抓出成效,坚决遏制培训机构过度逐利行为,将降费减负目标落到实处。请各省(区、市)于2022年1月底前将贯彻落实情况书面报告国家发展改革委、教育部和市场监管总局。政策执行中的重要情况和问题,请及时报告。</p>","source":"lsy1623325802809","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE 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}\na{text-decoration:none; color:#2a4b87;}\n.meta .head { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 11px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;line-height: 11px;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\n发改委:加强义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费监管\n</h2>\n\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n\n\n2021-09-06 15:13 北京时间 <a href=https://zfxxgk.ndrc.gov.cn/web/iteminfo.jsp?id=18250><strong>国家发展改革委</strong></a>\n\n\n</h4>\n\n</header>\n<article>\n<div>\n<p>摘要:义务教育阶段线上和线下学科类校外培训收费属于非营利性机构收费,依法实行政府指导价管理,各地制定的浮动幅度,上浮不得超过10%,下浮可不限。\n\n关于加强义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费监管的通知发改价格〔2021〕1279号\n各省、自治区、直辖市、新疆生产建设兵团发展改革委、教育厅(教委、教育局)、市场监管局(厅、委):\n为贯彻落实中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅《关于进一步减轻义务教育阶段学生...</p>\n\n<a href=\"https://zfxxgk.ndrc.gov.cn/web/iteminfo.jsp?id=18250\">Web Link</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/9730389e2c12f92286a75c147f1ce1db","relate_stocks":{},"source_url":"https://zfxxgk.ndrc.gov.cn/web/iteminfo.jsp?id=18250","is_english":false,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/e9f99090a1c2ed51c021029395664489","article_id":"1190043495","content_text":"摘要:义务教育阶段线上和线下学科类校外培训收费属于非营利性机构收费,依法实行政府指导价管理,各地制定的浮动幅度,上浮不得超过10%,下浮可不限。\n\n关于加强义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费监管的通知发改价格〔2021〕1279号\n各省、自治区、直辖市、新疆生产建设兵团发展改革委、教育厅(教委、教育局)、市场监管局(厅、委):\n为贯彻落实中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅《关于进一步减轻义务教育阶段学生作业负担和校外培训负担的意见》(以下简称《意见》),现就加强义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费监管有关事项通知如下:\n一、实行政府指导价管理。义务教育阶段线上和线下学科类校外培训收费属于非营利性机构收费,依法实行政府指导价管理,由政府制定基准收费标准和浮动幅度,并按程序纳入地方定价目录。按照属地管理原则,线下学科类校外培训的基准收费标准和浮动幅度,由省级发展改革部门会同教育部门制定,或经省级人民政府授权由地级及以上人民政府制定;线上学科类校外培训的基准收费标准和浮动幅度,由培训机构办学许可审批地省级发展改革部门会同教育部门制定。各地制定的浮动幅度,上浮不得超过10%,下浮可不限。培训机构在政府制定的基准收费标准和浮动幅度内,确定具体收费标准。\n二、科学制定收费标准。各地要坚持学科类校外培训公益属性,充分考虑其涉及重大民生的特点,以有效减轻学生家庭教育支出负担为目标,以平均培训成本为基础,统筹考虑当地经济发展水平、学生家庭承受能力等因素,合理制定基准收费标准和浮动幅度。要区分线上和线下以及不同班型,分类制定标准课程时长的基准收费标准。班型主要可分为10人以下、10~35人、35人以上三种类型。各地可根据实际情况,确定本地区具体的分类标准。标准课程时长,线上为30分钟,线下为45分钟,实际时长不一样的,按比例折算。要建立收费政策评估和动态调整机制,适时对收费标准进行调整完善。\n各地要根据相关规定,加强对培训机构的学科类校外培训成本调查,严格核减不合理成本。培训成本包括培训机构人员薪酬、培训场地租金、宣传费、研发费用、固定资产折旧费以及其他费用。其中,培训机构人员平均工资水平应正常合理,不得明显高于统计部门公布的当地教育行业城镇非私营单位就业人员平均工资;培训场地租金和固定资产折旧费等,应当根据学科类校外培训实际利用时长等因素,按合理方法和公允水平分摊核算;宣传费按不超过学科类校外培训销售收入的3%据实核算。要加强关联交易审核,对明显不符合公允水平的关联交易,可开展延伸调查。各地要推动培训机构加快建立健全财务会计核算等制度,完整准确记录线上、线下学科类校外培训各项成本和收入,以及培训人次、课时量、教师数量等经营情况。\n三、强化收费信息公开。各地要督促培训机构按照规定通过网站、收费场所、线上应用程序、公开媒体等途径,将学科类校外培训内容、培训时长、收费标准、教师资质等信息提前向社会公开;将招生简章、收费标准、教师资质等资料,连同上一年度收入、成本、利润以及关联交易、政策执行等情况,于每年6月底前分别报送给当地教育、发展改革和市场监管部门。要切实发挥好全国中小学校外培训机构管理服务平台作用,鼓励各省级或市级教育部门采取集中公示的方式,将当地主要学科类校外培训机构的办学类型、办学规模、收费标准等信息向社会公开。各地教育部门要加快制定学科类校外培训内容质量、培训进度、课时设置等标准规范,并向社会公开。\n四、加强收费行为监管。各地要推动培训机构全面使用教育部和市场监管总局统一制定的《中小学生校外培训服务合同(示范文本)》,严格履行合同义务,规范自身收费行为,不得以任何理由、任何方式提高或变相提高政府制定的培训收费标准,不得在培训费外另行收取其他费用。各地市场监管、教育、发展改革等部门,要依职责加强对学科类校外培训收费执行情况的监督。要畅通投诉举报渠道,鼓励社会各方参与监督。要依法严厉查处超过政府指导价收费,采取分解收费项目、重复收费、扩大收费范围、虚增培训时长等方式变相提高收费标准,虚假宣传,价格欺诈以及不按规定明码标价等行为。对情节严重、性质恶劣的典型案例,要公开曝光。\n五、切实抓好组织实施。各地发展改革、教育、市场监管等部门要在当地党委、政府统一领导下,按照《意见》要求,建立健全工作协调机制,制定详细工作方案,明确时间表和路线图,加快推进对义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费实行政府指导价管理工作。各地要于2021年底前出台义务教育阶段学科类校外培训收费政府指导价管理政策,明确基准收费标准和浮动幅度,以及具体实施时间,并做好政策衔接,加强预期引导和宣传解读,及时回应社会关切,确保政策平稳落地。对面向普通高中学生的学科类校外培训收费的管理,参照执行。\n各级发展改革、教育、市场监管部门要进一步统一思想,充分认识加强学科类校外培训收费监管对减轻学生校外培训负担、净化教育生态、维护教育公平的重要意义,切实提高政治站位,增强责任感和使命感,将其作为当前的重点工作任务,摆在突出位置,抓实抓好、抓出成效,坚决遏制培训机构过度逐利行为,将降费减负目标落到实处。请各省(区、市)于2022年1月底前将贯彻落实情况书面报告国家发展改革委、教育部和市场监管总局。政策执行中的重要情况和问题,请及时报告。","news_type":1},"isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":1451,"authorTweetTopStatus":1,"verified":2,"comments":[],"imageCount":0,"langContent":"CN","totalScore":0},{"id":184043589,"gmtCreate":1623679089941,"gmtModify":1623679089941,"author":{"id":"3527212321526920","authorId":"3527212321526920","name":"Jarry_9777","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/9bd3f8721626ea0442ad11c883c6baac","crmLevel":2,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"followedFlag":false,"idStr":"3527212321526920","authorIdStr":"3527212321526920"},"themes":[],"htmlText":"<a 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