散户代表
2022-05-05
这篇文章不错,转发给大家看
22年来最大加息,到底啥是美联储缩表?
免责声明:上述内容仅代表发帖人个人观点,不构成本平台的任何投资建议。
分享至
微信
复制链接
精彩评论
我们需要你的真知灼见来填补这片空白
打开APP,发表看法
APP内打开
发表看法
{"i18n":{"language":"zh_CN"},"detailType":1,"isChannel":false,"data":{"magic":2,"id":616681084,"tweetId":"616681084","gmtCreate":1651734268510,"gmtModify":1651734268510,"author":{"id":3583245129910848,"idStr":"3583245129910848","authorId":3583245129910848,"authorIdStr":"3583245129910848","name":"散户代表","avatar":"https://static.tigerbbs.com/6dbaf018c09dc9c16e8f3350ca8b8c64","vip":1,"userType":1,"introduction":"","boolIsFan":false,"boolIsHead":false,"crmLevel":1,"crmLevelSwitch":0,"individualDisplayBadges":[],"fanSize":8,"starInvestorFlag":false},"themes":[],"images":[],"coverImages":[],"extraTitle":"","html":"<html><head></head><body>\n这篇文章不错,转发给大家看</body></html>","htmlText":"<html><head></head><body>\n这篇文章不错,转发给大家看</body></html>","text":"这篇文章不错,转发给大家看","highlighted":1,"essential":1,"paper":1,"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":0,"link":"https://laohu8.com/post/616681084","repostId":2233433850,"repostType":2,"repost":{"id":"2233433850","pubTimestamp":1651727238,"share":"https://www.laohu8.com/m/news/2233433850?lang=&edition=full","pubTime":"2022-05-05 13:07","market":"us","language":"zh","title":"22年来最大加息,到底啥是美联储缩表?","url":"https://stock-news.laohu8.com/highlight/detail?id=2233433850","media":"虎嗅","summary":"将在3个月内逐步提高缩表上限至每月950亿美元。","content":"<html><body><p><span label=\"备注\">本文来自微信公众号:</span><span>三折人生 (ID:Ezhers)</span><span>,作者:三折人生,头图来源</span><span label=\"备注\">:《华尔街之狼》剧照</span></p><p>2022年5月5日美联储宣布加息50个基点,将利率提高到0.75%~1%范围。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083113402241.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>同时,美联储宣布从6月1日起开始<strong>缩表</strong>!</p><p>那到底啥是<strong>缩表</strong>呢?</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083124699982.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>何止人想减肥,现在连银行都想减肥!</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083124360779.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><strong>银行缩表就相当于银行“减肥”了。</strong></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083125170297.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>缩表,缩的是“资产负债表”,是指银行<strong>减少资产负债表规模</strong>的行为。</p><p>资产负债表我们以前说过,一般长成这样:</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083126929352.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>资产负债表中:</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083126345201.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>所以要缩减资产负债表,要么减少<strong>负债</strong>,要么减少<strong>所有者权益</strong>。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083126238991.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>我们举个例子。我原来住一套大房子,里面的家具有我自己的,也有借来的:</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083127521540.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>现在我要换一套小房子,放不了这么多家具,怎么办呢?</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083127326672.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>同样道理,对于银行来说,若需要缩减资产负债表,他们首选也会减少借来的资产,就是负债,通过还债来去杠杆。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083128872633.gif?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/gif/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>对于银行体系来讲,有两层不同维度的缩表:</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083128451232.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>下面我们分别来讲一讲。</p><p label=\"大标题\">一、商业银行的缩表</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083129648527.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>好,那就先来讨论下为啥要<strong>缩表</strong>。</p><p>对于商业银行来说,你说他们这么有钱,那这个钱主要来自哪里?</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083129979513.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>不是,<strong>主要是借来的。</strong></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083130664695.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083130185393.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>商业银行主要通过两个途径来借款:</p><p label=\"正文\"><strong>一是问储户借。</strong></p><p>我们去银行存款就相当于把钱借给银行,银行提供给我们利息。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083131226218.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p label=\"正文\"><strong>二是问金融机构借。</strong></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083131076590.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>借来的钱加大了商业银行的杠杆,况且借的总是要还的。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083132753696.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>那要有孙老赖的本事啊……否则都要还钱吧?</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083133338842.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>假设你的资产就是手里的盘子,上层黄色的盘子是自己的,下层蓝色的盘子是借来的。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083133113594.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>这时候,刮来一阵大风,先把上层的盘子吹掉了。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083134575453.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>自己的盘子吹掉了,最多就心疼一下。但若你借来的盘子太多……</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083134910690.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>这时候再起一阵大风,把别人的盘子吹掉了……</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083134061148.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>你就有可能被打了。这就是我们所说的<strong>抗风险能力</strong><strong>,负债不能太大,杠杆不能太高。</strong></p><p>一家银行积聚风险还好解决,要命的是,大家的钱还会互相借的。</p><p>一旦一家银行负债过高,出现支付困难,很可能会形成连锁反应。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083135411378.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>问个老套的问题,树上有四只银行,被打下一只,树上还剩下几只?</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083135343738.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083136019149.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>回答正确!这就类似多米诺骨牌效应,监管肯定不希望这种情况发生。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083136465425.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>所以要<strong>缩表,减少全行业负债,大家互相借的钱少了,也就安全多了,降低系统性风险。</strong></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083137888862.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>有两种方式:<strong>一种是到期用钱直接还债。</strong></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083137162891.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083138835730.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>那就是另一种方式,变卖资产<strong>凑钱还债</strong>。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083138323423.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083139279786.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>这会让资金变得短时间内有些紧张,利率会上升。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083139085353.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083150784887.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>缩表后,钱更贵了,银行贷款审核也会更严格。</p><p><strong>所以缩表产生的影响是全局性质的,而不是自己一家的事。</strong></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083200859053.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>说完商业银行缩表,我们再来说说另一层面的缩表。</p><p label=\"大标题\">二、<a href=\"https://laohu8.com/S/CNBC\">中央银行</a>的缩表</p><p>央行的缩表和商业银行的缩表有所不同。央行的资产负债表长这样:</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083201971656.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>央行资产负债表的逻辑为总资产=总负债。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083202560056.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>对于央行来说,你说他们这么有钱,那这个钱主要来自哪里?</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083129979513.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>不是,<strong>主要是靠自己印的。</strong></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083202557815.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083203864563.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083204482944.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083204003135.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>我们继续说,央行可不是一般的<strong>商业银行</strong><strong>,央行管的是货币印刷和发行,不干吸储的事。</strong></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083205661825.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>央行的资产负债表是根据IMF的口径来统计的,<strong>且央行本身没有股东,属于非盈利性机构。</strong></p><p>我们以美联储为例来说说央行缩表。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083205899100.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>央行发行的纸币,这张纸本身<strong>不值钱</strong>,只是印刷品而已,但<strong>国家信用</strong>赋予了它价值,所以我们现在使用的纸币叫<strong>“信用货币”</strong>。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083206484983.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>纸币其实就是一种债权证明,是一张特殊的欠条,是<strong>央行的负债</strong>。</p><p>所以央行的缩表要减少负债,这就相当于收回纸币,不再流通。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083207121989.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083207407316.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083208096699.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>就这样,<strong>美联储通过卖出各类债券,或者缩减规模,把钱从市场上回收到仓库里封存,完成了缩表。</strong></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083209934673.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>本次美联储宣布缩减<strong>8.9万亿美元</strong>资产负债表规模,从6月1日开始每月475亿美元的步伐缩表,<strong>将在3个月内逐步提高缩表上限至每月950亿美元。</strong></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083209938109.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><strong>美联储通过缩表,调节基础货币数量,是退出宽松措施的一种举措,属于紧缩政策。</strong></p><p>首先,美联储为了缩表,抛售资产。</p><p>比如抛售债券,使得市面上债券变多,债券利率上升。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083210094753.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>你想啊,市场上这么多债券,若你利率不提高,谁买你的啊?</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083210300910.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>这就是供过于求导致资产自身价格下跌,<strong>市场上对资产的收益率要价提高。</strong></p><p>而且利率具有<strong>传导性</strong>,整个市场利率都随之提高。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083211691038.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>其次,<strong>美联储抛售资产回收了基础货币,使得市场上的美元总量变少,美元就更值钱了,对黄金、大宗商品都会产生影响。</strong></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083211401336.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>钱少了,整个市场利率又上升了,那么股市会出现一定程度的<strong>下跌预期</strong>。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083212899700.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>但是,<strong>本次美联储加息会议后,美股创下了44年来最大加息日涨幅!</strong></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083212596147.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p>本文结束,以下为彩蛋时间:</p><p>市场预估美联储6月会加息75个基点,但美联储主席表示,加息75个基点的激进方案不值得考虑。</p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083216553305.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083216949942.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><img src=\"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/content/202205/05/083217140958.jpg?imageView2/2/w/1000/format/jpg/interlace/1/q/85\"/></p><p><strong>这个预期管理,真是个好消息,市场为之振奋。</strong></p><p><span label=\"备注\">本文来自微信公众号:</span><span>三折人生 (ID:Ezhers)</span><span>,作者:三折人生</span></p></body></html>","source":"highlight_huxiu","collect":0,"html":"<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,minimum-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=no\"/>\n<meta name=\"format-detection\" content=\"telephone=no,email=no,address=no\" />\n<title>22年来最大加息,到底啥是美联储缩表?</title>\n<style type=\"text/css\">\na,abbr,acronym,address,applet,article,aside,audio,b,big,blockquote,body,canvas,caption,center,cite,code,dd,del,details,dfn,div,dl,dt,\nem,embed,fieldset,figcaption,figure,footer,form,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,header,hgroup,html,i,iframe,img,ins,kbd,label,legend,li,mark,menu,nav,\nobject,ol,output,p,pre,q,ruby,s,samp,section,small,span,strike,strong,sub,summary,sup,table,tbody,td,tfoot,th,thead,time,tr,tt,u,ul,var,video{ font:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;vertical-align:baseline;border:0 }\nbody{ font-size:16px; line-height:1.5; color:#999; background:transparent; }\n.wrapper{ overflow:hidden;word-break:break-all;padding:10px; }\nh1,h2{ font-weight:normal; line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:.6em; }\nh3,h4,h5,h6{ line-height:1.35; margin-bottom:1em; }\nh1{ font-size:24px; }\nh2{ font-size:20px; }\nh3{ font-size:18px; }\nh4{ font-size:16px; }\nh5{ font-size:14px; }\nh6{ font-size:12px; }\np,ul,ol,blockquote,dl,table{ margin:1.2em 0; }\nul,ol{ margin-left:2em; }\nul{ list-style:disc; }\nol{ list-style:decimal; }\nli,li p{ margin:10px 0;}\nimg{ max-width:100%;display:block;margin:0 auto 1em; }\nblockquote{ color:#B5B2B1; border-left:3px solid #aaa; padding:1em; }\nstrong,b{font-weight:bold;}\nem,i{font-style:italic;}\ntable{ width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:1px;margin:1em 0;font-size:.9em; }\nth,td{ padding:5px;text-align:left;border:1px solid #aaa; }\nth{ font-weight:bold;background:#5d5d5d; }\n.symbol-link{font-weight:bold;}\n/* header{ border-bottom:1px solid #494756; } */\n.title{ margin:0 0 8px;line-height:1.3;color:#ddd; }\n.meta {color:#5e5c6d;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 .5em; }\na{text-decoration:none; color:#2a4b87;}\n.meta .head { display: inline-block; overflow: hidden}\n.head .h-thumb { width: 30px; height: 30px; margin: 0; padding: 0; border-radius: 50%; float: left;}\n.head .h-content { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 0 9px; float: left;}\n.head .h-name {font-size: 13px; color: #eee; margin: 0;}\n.head .h-time {font-size: 11px; color: #7E829C; margin: 0;line-height: 11px;}\n.small {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.9); -webkit-transform: scale(0.9); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.smaller {font-size: 12.5px; display: inline-block; transform: scale(0.8); -webkit-transform: scale(0.8); transform-origin: left; -webkit-transform-origin: left;}\n.bt-text {font-size: 12px;margin: 1.5em 0 0 0}\n.bt-text p {margin: 0}\n</style>\n</head>\n<body>\n<div class=\"wrapper\">\n<header>\n<h2 class=\"title\">\n22年来最大加息,到底啥是美联储缩表?\n</h2>\n\n<h4 class=\"meta\">\n\n\n2022-05-05 13:07 北京时间 <a href=https://www.huxiu.com/article/546399.html><strong>虎嗅</strong></a>\n\n\n</h4>\n\n</header>\n<article>\n<div>\n<p>本文来自微信公众号:三折人生 (ID:Ezhers),作者:三折人生,头图来源:《华尔街之狼》剧照2022年5月5日美联储宣布加息50个基点,将利率提高到0.75%~1%范围。同时,美联储宣布从6月1日起开始缩表!那到底啥是缩表呢?何止人想减肥,现在连银行都想减肥!银行缩表就相当于银行“减肥”了。缩表,缩的是“资产负债表”,是指银行减少资产负债表规模的行为。资产负债表我们以前说过,一般长成这样:...</p>\n\n<a href=\"https://www.huxiu.com/article/546399.html\">Web Link</a>\n\n</div>\n\n\n</article>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n","type":0,"thumbnail":"https://img.huxiucdn.com/article/cover/202205/05/122001540225.jpg?imageView2/1/w/720/h/405/|imageMogr2/strip/interlace/1/quality/85/format/jpg","relate_stocks":{"161125":"标普500","513500":"标普500ETF","SPY":"标普500ETF","PSQ":"纳指反向ETF","BK4534":"瑞士信贷持仓","SDOW":"道指三倍做空ETF-ProShares","DDM":"道指两倍做多ETF","SDS":"两倍做空标普500ETF",".DJI":"道琼斯","TQQQ":"纳指三倍做多ETF","BK4559":"巴菲特持仓",".IXIC":"NASDAQ Composite","BK4550":"红杉资本持仓",".SPX":"S&P 500 Index","OEX":"标普100","QQQ":"纳指100ETF","DOG":"道指反向ETF","UDOW":"道指三倍做多ETF-ProShares","UPRO":"三倍做多标普500ETF","BK4581":"高盛持仓","BK4504":"桥水持仓","QID":"纳指两倍做空ETF","SH":"标普500反向ETF","DJX":"1/100道琼斯","IVV":"标普500指数ETF","QLD":"纳指两倍做多ETF","SSO":"两倍做多标普500ETF","SPXU":"三倍做空标普500ETF","OEF":"标普100指数ETF-iShares","SQQQ":"纳指三倍做空ETF","DXD":"道指两倍做空ETF"},"source_url":"https://www.huxiu.com/article/546399.html","is_english":false,"share_image_url":"https://static.laohu8.com/e9f99090a1c2ed51c021029395664489","article_id":"2233433850","content_text":"本文来自微信公众号:三折人生 (ID:Ezhers),作者:三折人生,头图来源:《华尔街之狼》剧照2022年5月5日美联储宣布加息50个基点,将利率提高到0.75%~1%范围。同时,美联储宣布从6月1日起开始缩表!那到底啥是缩表呢?何止人想减肥,现在连银行都想减肥!银行缩表就相当于银行“减肥”了。缩表,缩的是“资产负债表”,是指银行减少资产负债表规模的行为。资产负债表我们以前说过,一般长成这样:资产负债表中:所以要缩减资产负债表,要么减少负债,要么减少所有者权益。我们举个例子。我原来住一套大房子,里面的家具有我自己的,也有借来的:现在我要换一套小房子,放不了这么多家具,怎么办呢?同样道理,对于银行来说,若需要缩减资产负债表,他们首选也会减少借来的资产,就是负债,通过还债来去杠杆。对于银行体系来讲,有两层不同维度的缩表:下面我们分别来讲一讲。一、商业银行的缩表好,那就先来讨论下为啥要缩表。对于商业银行来说,你说他们这么有钱,那这个钱主要来自哪里?不是,主要是借来的。商业银行主要通过两个途径来借款:一是问储户借。我们去银行存款就相当于把钱借给银行,银行提供给我们利息。二是问金融机构借。借来的钱加大了商业银行的杠杆,况且借的总是要还的。那要有孙老赖的本事啊……否则都要还钱吧?假设你的资产就是手里的盘子,上层黄色的盘子是自己的,下层蓝色的盘子是借来的。这时候,刮来一阵大风,先把上层的盘子吹掉了。自己的盘子吹掉了,最多就心疼一下。但若你借来的盘子太多……这时候再起一阵大风,把别人的盘子吹掉了……你就有可能被打了。这就是我们所说的抗风险能力,负债不能太大,杠杆不能太高。一家银行积聚风险还好解决,要命的是,大家的钱还会互相借的。一旦一家银行负债过高,出现支付困难,很可能会形成连锁反应。问个老套的问题,树上有四只银行,被打下一只,树上还剩下几只?回答正确!这就类似多米诺骨牌效应,监管肯定不希望这种情况发生。所以要缩表,减少全行业负债,大家互相借的钱少了,也就安全多了,降低系统性风险。有两种方式:一种是到期用钱直接还债。那就是另一种方式,变卖资产凑钱还债。这会让资金变得短时间内有些紧张,利率会上升。缩表后,钱更贵了,银行贷款审核也会更严格。所以缩表产生的影响是全局性质的,而不是自己一家的事。说完商业银行缩表,我们再来说说另一层面的缩表。二、中央银行的缩表央行的缩表和商业银行的缩表有所不同。央行的资产负债表长这样:央行资产负债表的逻辑为总资产=总负债。对于央行来说,你说他们这么有钱,那这个钱主要来自哪里?不是,主要是靠自己印的。我们继续说,央行可不是一般的商业银行,央行管的是货币印刷和发行,不干吸储的事。央行的资产负债表是根据IMF的口径来统计的,且央行本身没有股东,属于非盈利性机构。我们以美联储为例来说说央行缩表。央行发行的纸币,这张纸本身不值钱,只是印刷品而已,但国家信用赋予了它价值,所以我们现在使用的纸币叫“信用货币”。纸币其实就是一种债权证明,是一张特殊的欠条,是央行的负债。所以央行的缩表要减少负债,这就相当于收回纸币,不再流通。就这样,美联储通过卖出各类债券,或者缩减规模,把钱从市场上回收到仓库里封存,完成了缩表。本次美联储宣布缩减8.9万亿美元资产负债表规模,从6月1日开始每月475亿美元的步伐缩表,将在3个月内逐步提高缩表上限至每月950亿美元。美联储通过缩表,调节基础货币数量,是退出宽松措施的一种举措,属于紧缩政策。首先,美联储为了缩表,抛售资产。比如抛售债券,使得市面上债券变多,债券利率上升。你想啊,市场上这么多债券,若你利率不提高,谁买你的啊?这就是供过于求导致资产自身价格下跌,市场上对资产的收益率要价提高。而且利率具有传导性,整个市场利率都随之提高。其次,美联储抛售资产回收了基础货币,使得市场上的美元总量变少,美元就更值钱了,对黄金、大宗商品都会产生影响。钱少了,整个市场利率又上升了,那么股市会出现一定程度的下跌预期。但是,本次美联储加息会议后,美股创下了44年来最大加息日涨幅!本文结束,以下为彩蛋时间:市场预估美联储6月会加息75个基点,但美联储主席表示,加息75个基点的激进方案不值得考虑。这个预期管理,真是个好消息,市场为之振奋。本文来自微信公众号:三折人生 (ID:Ezhers),作者:三折人生","news_type":1},"isVote":1,"tweetType":1,"viewCount":1512,"commentLimit":10,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false,"reportStatus":false,"symbols":[],"verified":2,"subType":0,"readableState":1,"langContent":"CN","currentLanguage":"CN","warmUpFlag":false,"orderFlag":false,"shareable":true,"causeOfNotShareable":"","featuresForAnalytics":[],"commentAndTweetFlag":false,"andRepostAutoSelectedFlag":false,"upFlag":false,"length":25,"xxTargetLangEnum":"ZH_CN"},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"isTiger":false,"isWeiXinMini":false,"url":"/m/post/616681084"}
精彩评论