美国药店也不行了

健识局12-14

大洋彼岸，美国医药零售巨头也入冬了。12月11日，多家媒体报道称，美国零售药店巨头沃尔格林（Walgreens）正在和私募Sycamore Partners洽谈出售事宜。如果谈判顺利，双方将在明年年初完成交易，沃尔格林这家美国第二大的连锁药店将选择退市。美国零售药店近几年的坏消息不少。去年，美国第三大医药零售企业Reid Aid因经营不善而破产。今年以来，另一家美国医药零售巨头CVS health...

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either","themeId":null,"isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":null,"symbols_score_info":{"PBM":1,"09939":0.89,"AMZN":0.8,"USAW.SI":0.6},"content_text":"大洋彼岸，美国医药零售巨头也入冬了。12月11日，多家媒体报道称，美国零售药店巨头沃尔格林（Walgreens）正在和私募Sycamore Partners洽谈出售事宜。如果谈判顺利，双方将在明年年初完成交易，沃尔格林这家美国第二大的连锁药店将选择退市。美国零售药店近几年的坏消息不少。去年，美国第三大医药零售企业Reid Aid因经营不善而破产。今年以来，另一家美国医药零售巨头CVS health先后宣布了2024年底关闭900家门店，以及未来约2900人的裁员计划。而这次事件的主角沃尔格林，不久前才宣布明年要关闭500家门店，到2027年可能直接关掉七分之一的门店。原因也是摆在明面上的：药店不挣钱，国内国外都一样。沃尔格林曾在财报中披露，其在美国约8700家门店，只有75%在盈利。2024年第四季度，沃尔格林虽然销售额达到375.5亿美元，增长良好，但净亏损30亿美元，远高于去年同期。CVS也好不到哪里去。去年来，CVS、沃尔格林一起遭受了美国药剂师的集体声讨和罢工。一项研究显示，近80%的连锁药店职业药剂师表示工作满意度低，认为自己工作量过大，在做效率低下的重复性工作。连锁药店长期处于人手不足的状况，而雇佣一位美国职业药剂师并不便宜，年薪就到了13万美元以上水平。一边得扩张增收，一边又招不到人，连锁药店逐渐走入死局。同时，这些年仿制药及创新产品的不断涌入，使得美国药品竞争加剧，影响了药店的利润。研究显示，这些年来，虽然美国药品的定价走高，但去除那些报销优惠条款、返点后，2014年来，美国药品的净价格反而在降低，药店能摊到的利润就更加微薄。尤其新冠疫情后，美国经济放缓、通胀危机、消费疲软等各种宏观因素让包括医药在内整个零售业都倍感压力。更让美国零售巨头们感受到冲击的，是来自于线上零售平台。在财报中，CVS和沃尔格林不止一次提到业务受到零售商亚马逊、沃尔玛的挤压。美国的线上零售业虽不及中国成熟，但足够向药店零售商们施加压力。2018年6月，亚马逊收购在线药房PillPack。今年10月，亚马逊宣布将提供处方药的送货上门服务，物流网络遍布59个州，与CVS、沃尔格林同台竞争。相较而言，沃尔格林的处境还要更艰难一些。美国零售药店原是三足鼎立，CVS Health、沃尔格林和Rite Aid。2018年，沃尔格林收购Rite Aid不成，转而买下后者2000家左右的门店。现今是美国仅次于CVS的医药零售巨头。图源：U.S. pharmacies ranked by prescription drugs market share 2023相比CVS，沃尔格林是更传统的医药零售商，截至2024年第三季度，沃尔格林药店的销售额占其美国市场销售额的76%。它的主要思路就是通过扩充门店规模来增收，和中国大部分连锁药店的思路一致。沃尔格林一度将版图扩张到了欧洲，2012年花了60亿美元买下英国医药零售品牌Alliance Boots。然而，扩张没有得到更好的收入。2012年，沃尔格林花了60亿美元买下英国医药零售品牌Alliance Boots，以拓展它在海外的版图。但海外拓展并不顺利，再加上英国脱欧，甚至已经有传言称沃尔格林正在找Alliance Boots的下一个买家。最为关键的是，沃尔格林没有像CVS那样的谈判能力，还要受到药品福利管理组织PBM的压力。当PBM向沃尔格林提出降低药品的报销比例时，只在规模上占优势的沃尔格林落入了劣势。而报销比例过低，就意味着药店很可能要亏本卖药，最后只能减员、关店来降本增效。但美国药品零售业并不是全无经验可借鉴。即使面对亚马逊这样的竞争对手，CVS和沃尔格林仍然还是拥有一定优势。时至今日，美国人还是更倾向于在线下购买药物，药剂师与病人联系相对紧密。大幅扩张门店的同时，CVS和沃尔格林早早布局病人的慢病管理，社区医院等等，加强病人与线下药店药剂师、医生的联系，以此维护客户。CVS更大的优势还在于更完整的药品交易链条。CVS这家美国最大的医药零售巨头，也是最大的药品福利管理服务（PBM）公司，还手握美国第三大商业保险公司Aetna，近乎是掌握了整个美国药品市场的命脉。只是今年CVS保险、药品福利管理板块都不同程度受到打击和压制，药店增收难增利的困境才凸显了出来。虽然环境不同，但CVS维护客户群体、纵向拓展的思路，或许是中国同行可以参考的。从粗放扩张到精准经营，是药店连锁的必经之路。当下，中国零售药店受大环境和政策监管影响，也处在艰难转型期。如今，中美两地零售药店殊途同归。危机，或许也是一个行业涅槃的转折点。撰稿丨杨曦霞编辑丨江芸 贾亭运营｜王苗嫦插图｜视觉中国声明：健识局原创内容，未经许可请勿转载查看原图 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