特斯拉制造革命系列研究：EE架构升级+线束减量至繁归于至简

招商证券股份有...2023-12-14

我们通过《特斯拉制造革命系列研究》，多角度探索特斯拉的颠覆式创新和极致降本的奥秘。作为本系列的第三篇报告，我们探讨特斯拉在电子电气架构方面的升级，及减少整车线束长度以实现降本增效的方法。E/E 架构集中式发展，掀起浪潮。分布式架构ECU 数量众多且功能逻辑耦合较多，叠加算力分散、布线复杂等因素，限制汽车智能化发展。电子电气架构集中式发展，易于实现算力集中化、线束自动化组装与OTA 升级，是实现软件...

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Simplified","themeId":null,"isJumpTheme":false,"ttsUrl":null,"symbols_score_info":{"TSLL":1,"TSLA":1,"EE":1},"content_text":"我们通过《特斯拉制造革命系列研究》，多角度探索特斯拉的颠覆式创新和极致降本的奥秘。作为本系列的第三篇报告，我们探讨特斯拉在电子电气架构方面的升级，及减少整车线束长度以实现降本增效的方法。E/E 架构集中式发展，掀起浪潮。分布式架构ECU 数量众多且功能逻辑耦合较多，叠加算力分散、布线复杂等因素，限制汽车智能化发展。电子电气架构集中式发展，易于实现算力集中化、线束自动化组装与OTA 升级，是实现软件定义汽车的基础。从发展趋势看，汽车E/E 架构最终会向中央计算架构演进，将功能逻辑集中到1 个中央控制器，预计2023-2026 年将是主机厂量产下一代“准中央+区域架构”的关键时间节点。特斯拉：开创者，引领者。早在2017 年，特斯拉Model 3 率先实现“中央计算+区域控制”框架，基本实现中央集中式架构。据S&P Global 的判断，特斯拉在电子电气架构上至少领先5 年。在集中式架构的优势之外，特斯拉电子电气架构的优势还包括：1）软硬件自研，加快汽车功能的更新迭代速度，降低整车开发成本。2）软件架构层面采用了SOA 架构思想，便于SOTA 的部署以及云端数据的收集和分析。线束减量：降本增效，蓝图宏伟。线束在整车中发挥着传输电信号和分配电源的作用，传统架构下汽车功能升级将推动线束用量增加，而马斯克执着于颠覆性减少整车线束。传统架构下新能源车线束可达4km，Model S 线束长3km，Model 3 减少为1.5km，Model Y 及下一代平台目标减少至100m。线束减量的优势包括：1）车辆减重，改善续航，e.g. Model 3 较Model S 线束减重17kg，而轻量化对改善续航的作用显著；2）降低成本，当前线束单车价值可达6000 元以上，因此有数千元降本空间，简单推算若实现100m 线束长度，价值有望低至400 元；3）提升效率，因线束安装自动化程度低，简化线束可提升生产效率。举措和难点，虽远将至。特斯拉采取以下方式减少线束：1）E/E 架构升级，提高集成度，减少线束用量，预计为最重要因素；2）专利方面，研发结构电缆以适用自动化安装，引入子系统优化线束排布，提高集成度；3）采用FPC柔性印刷电路板，实现高密度布线；4）升级48V 低压，电压提升，电流减小，线束降本。截至目前，Model Y 未能实现线束减至100m 的目标，且未使用结构电缆，可能原因：1）结构电缆与整车的匹配度需进行多轮实验测试，从技术研发至广泛应用需经历较长时间；2）传统线束的供应链成本较低，打破原有供应链推行新技术和新零件，在技术和供应端成熟之前，对成本的优化效果有限。期待在下一代平台看到进一步的线束减量成果。风险提示：落地进度不及预期、降本空间不及预期、领先优势减弱风险","kind":null,"is_publish_news":null,"is_publish_highlight":null,"is_publish_live":null,"is_publish_wemedia":null,"editions":null,"symbols":[],"gpt_button":1},"commentList":[],"isCommentEnd":true,"newsSizeData":{"likeSize":0,"commentSize":0,"repostSize":0,"favoriteSize":0,"likeStatus":false,"favoriteStatus":false},"APP":{"userAgent":"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; 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特斯拉制造革命系列研究：EE架构升级+线束减量 至繁归于至简

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特斯拉制造革命系列研究：EE架构升级+线束减量至繁归于至简