硬核科普：美联储缩表是怎么缩的？

华尔街见闻2022-05-01

自从前美联储主席伯南克将QE带入美国货币政策框架，美联储的资产负债表便开启了易放难收的扩张之路。上一轮QE至QT期间（2009 年至 2019 年间），大规模的资产购买导致美联储的资产负债表增长了约4倍。而2020年疫情爆发以来，美联储的资产负债再度扩张2.25倍。这导致当前美国金融体系内部流动性泛滥，ON RRP工具（可理解为非银机构闲置资金的蓄水池）用量维持在1.5万亿以上。目前3月FOMC...

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精彩评论

传说_1337
2022-05-03
传说_1337
扩表：联储发行货币购买国债；缩编：财政部偿债，联储注销货币。问题：美国的国债总额能下降吗？市场投资者能接住这么多美债吗？联储加息后财政部能付出那么多利益吗？
- 梅川洼子:
  市场投资者肯定能接住这么多美债，不要有所怀疑
- 银河小铁骑00:
  买点波动率指数比较靠谱，因为这个我有
- 老夫追涨杀跌:
  美帝的信用体系还是比较靠谱的，就算不靠谱，也没得选
- 小时候可帅了00:
  联储加息后财政部能付出那么多利益吗？不能也要能
- 尔维斯肌肤:
  其实这些问题都不是问题，基本都是明牌了
skyteeth
2022-05-02
skyteeth
缩表导致牛市开启
A登科
2022-05-01
A登科
插眼
llt
2022-05-01
llt
mark学习
吕得水
2022-05-01
吕得水
太专业了，我按我的理解说一句，缩表会导致有些二货崩盘？
Jack2862
2022-05-01
Jack2862
1

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RRP工具的存在如何影响资产负债表径流的机制？杠杆NBFI和家庭在缩表过程中又会有些什么作用？在这篇文章中，我们通过描述美联储资产负债表的变动机制来回答这些问题。美联储如何扩大资产负债表缩表总要从扩表说起，也就是大规模资产购买（QE）。我们首先描述美联储、财政部、银行业和非银行公众的简化资产负债表。以使我们能够专注于理解与美联储行动相关的机制所必需的要素。美联储的资产负债表上，资产端为国债，负债端为各类账户持有人持有的存款。（包括银行准备金或财政部的现金余额。）财政部资产负债表上，在美联储的“支票账户”（财政部普通账户，或TGA）中持有现金余额作为资产，并发行国债作为负债。银行的资产负债表上，持有国库券和准备金作为资产，向公众提供银行存款为主要负债。公众资产负债表上，持有国债和银行存款作为资产。与银行业和财政部相比，公众不能直接在美联储账户中持有余额。美联储如何扩大资产负债表之——向银行购买，注入金融体系流动性美联储通过发行更多准备金来购买银行持有的美国国债。即每购买1美元的证券，美联储的资产和负债都会增加1美元，总资产扩大1美元。而银行出售国债后，它们的国债资产减少，但准备金以同等数量增加，总资产不变。美联储如何扩大资产负债表之——向公众（个人与公司等）购买，注入社会流动性当美联储向公众购买资产时，美联储的资产负债表如上面的例子一样。由于公众无法直接在美联储持有准备金。因此银行部门代为持有准备金，同时公众存款增加，公众的存款资产增加国债资产减少。三笔交易同时发生，美联储和银行的资产负债表同时扩张。从美联储的角度来看，向谁购买国债并不重要。因为无论哪种情况，其资产负债表的规模都会增加相同的数量。而银行业资产负债表的规模则取决于向谁购买。如果是向银行，那么银行业的资产负债表规模不变，但其结构会发生变化。如果是向非银行公众购买，那么银行业的资产负债表将同样扩张。Demiralp、Ihrig和Klee所做的联储相关研究表明，美联储在大规模资产购买过程中购买的大部分资产来自非银行机构，也就是说银行业的资产负债表也在资产购买的过程中显著扩张。如何被动缩表（停止再投资）当美联储持有的国债到期，美联储不将到期证券的资金再投资，同时，财政部也不发行新证券的情况。那么财政部会通过将现金从TGA“转移”到美联储来偿付国债到期。美联储的资产减少，负债也减少，其资产负债表规模开始收缩。但如果财政部在旧证券到期时发行新债券，那么这部分债券则必须要市场上的其他人来购买。当银行购买财政部发行的新证券，银行准备金余额转移到财政部账户TGA，抵消了财政部偿付美联储的到期国债，银行在美联储的准备金减少。银行持有国债增加，准备金减少。这个过程结束时，美联储的资产负债表规模缩小了，财政部的资产负债表没有变化，银行业的资产负债表不变，但结构变化。当非银行公众购买新发行的国债，那么美联储的资产负债表同样缩小，银行准备金被公众用于购买新发国债，准备金减少，公众存款减少。银行资产负债表缩小。公众持有的国债增加，存款减少。ON RRP工具如何影响缩表在上一轮缩表过程中，即2017年隔夜逆回购 (ON RRP) 工具相当小（大部分时间里不到2000亿美元），相比之下，如今ON RRP的用量要大得多（2022年大部分时间超过1.5万亿美元）。如果准备金是银行的安全垫，那么ON RRP用量则是非银金融机构的安全垫。以货币市场基金（MMFs）为例，其相当于前文所述的某个公众的角色，但其可在美联储的资产表中直接表现为ON RRP用量（这与其他公众不能在美联储直接存款略有差异）。那么当 MMFs购买新发行的国债时，MMFs既可以通过在银行提取存款，也可以通过减少ON RRP用量，甚至两者结合的方式来为其购买提供资金。假设MMFs同时使用存款和ON RRP用量购买国债。在美联储的资产负债表中，持有国债资产减少1美元的同时，银行准备金和ON RRP用量总计减少1美元，总资产缩减。银行准备金和MMFs存款部分减少，资产负债表部分缩减。MMFs资产负债表中，在银行的存款减少，同时减少对 ON RRP用量的占用，结构发生变化。可以看到，美联储缩表1美元的效果会被MMFs的ON RRP用量所抵消，对银行资产负债表的和准备金的影响减半。从目前ON RRP用量在2万亿，而美联储缩表的计划上限为每月950亿来看，即便完全使用ON RRP至疫情前常规水平，也能有12-17个月的缓冲期。当然金融条件的收紧定然不是线性的，况且由于MMFs只能购买短期国债和浮动利率债券，因此只有当这些证券大量发行时，MMFs才能吸收美联储资产负债表缩减的很大部分。此外，MMFs购买国债的愿意也取决于国债与银行存款、ON RRP投资的利差。不过，由于MMFs行业的很大部分（政府基金）不能投资于银行存款，因此MMFs购买国债同样可能会更倾向于减少ON RRP用量来融资。杠杆 NBFI和家庭的作用当新发行的美国国债被杠杆非银行金融机构 (NBFI)（例如对冲基金或非银行交易商）和家庭购买时，私营部门资产负债表的调整可能更为复杂，涉及跨市场和机构的流动金额将超过私人部门证券持有的净增加值。杠杆NBFI——即通过债务（例如，通过在回购市场借款）为其大部分资产融资的非银金融机构。我们在简化的资产负债表中加入此类非银行金融机构，并增加杠杆科目：贷款（Loans）以及与非银行金融机构的逆回购回购（Repos）。当杠杆NBFI购买1美元新发国债时，NBFI通过银行回购（0.5美元）和 MMF（0.5美元）为购债融资，并以新发国债作为抵押品。NBFI的资产增加1美元，负债增加1美元回购借款，总资产规模扩大1美元。银行通过逆回购向NBFI提供贷款。银行资产负债表的规模不变，但资产构成发生变化（准备金减少，回购贷款增加）。同样，MMF 通过逆回购向NBFI提供贷款。MMF的资产负债表规模不变，但资产构成发生变化（ON RRP余额减少，回购贷款增加）。可以看到在这样的情况下，美联储缩表被信贷扩张（金融系统杠杆增加）所抵消，私营部门的总资产甚至有所扩张。当新发行的美国国债通过杠杆交易商后最终被家庭购买，由于家庭部门的不同，且他们将储蓄保存在不同类型的资产中。因此假设家庭通过减少银行存款（0.5美元）、持有的 MMF 份额（0.25美元），以及在NBFI的现金余额（0.25美元）来购买新发国债。当家庭购买1美元国债时，家庭资产负债表的规模没有变化，但家庭资产的构成发生了变化（国债持有量增加；银行存款减少，货币基金份额减少，非银行金融机构现金账户余额减少）。MMF通过减少ON RRP的用量来应对家庭投资的减少。MMF的资产负债表收缩0.25美元。杠杆 NBFI 通过银行借款来弥补家庭现金余额的减少（0.25美元）。当然NBFI也可以从 MMF 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硬核科普： 美联储缩表是怎么缩的？

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硬核科普：美联储缩表是怎么缩的？